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Catchall 



By the same Author. 



1. SACRED ARCHEOLOGY : a Popular Dictionary 

of Ecclesiastical Art and Institutions, from Primitive to Modern Times : 
comprising Architecture, Music, Vestments, Furniture, Arrangement, 
Offices, Customs, Eitual, Symbolism, Ceremonial, Traditions, Religious 
Orders, &c. of the Church Catholic in all Ages. 

2. CATHEDRALIA : a Constitutional History of Cathedrals of the 

Western Church ; being an Account of the various Dignities, Offices, 
and Ministries of the several members. 

3. CHURCH AND CONVENTUAL ARRANGEMENT. With Ground- 

plans. 

4. MEMORIALS OF THE CATHEDRAL CITIES OF ENGLAND 

AND WALES. 

5. NOTES ON CERTAIN RUBRICS FROM CANON LAW, Judgments 

of the Ordinary and Earlier Liturgical Directions. 



TKADITIONS AND CUSTOMS 



OF 



Catjtok 



MACKENZIE E. C, WALCOTT, B.D. 

OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD ; 
PRECENTOR AND PREBENDARY OF CHICHESTER ; 
F.S.A., F.R.S.L., MEMB. CORR. SOC. FRANg. D'ARCHEOL., 
SOC. DES ANTTQ. DE NORMANDIE, SOC. ROY. DES ANT. DU NORD, ETC. 




' A narrative memory with circumstances of time, 
persons, and places, and with names.'— Lord Bacon. 



LONDON : 

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 

1872. 

U 




LONDON: PRINTED BY 
SPOTTXSWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE 
AND PARLIAMENT STREET 



PEE FACE. 



Originally these pages were not intended to 
constitute an independent volume. The reasons 
for their issue in this form would be without 
interest to the reader. However, it is necessary to 
explain the object of the work, which is designed 
(however imperfectly the purpose may have been 
carried out) to be popular, reliable, and instruc- 
tive. It resolves itself into two main divisions. 

I. Historical, containing a sketch of the Ca- 
thedrals of the Old and New Foundation, with 
notices of the 4 moving history ' of ravage or 
injury, which make a further demand on our 
interest and sympathy beyond their sacred cha- 
racter, their national associations, their antiquity, 
their manifold contents, or their value as monu- 
ments of Art. 

II. Partly Archaeological, with details of their 
ancient customs, not without profit as examples 
for imitation or warnings of failure, interspersed 



Preface. 



with legend and tradition ; and partly modern 
and practical, as indicating the various uses 
which have grown up, alongside with material 
. restoration, in the celebration of Divine Ser- 
vice, when evidences of new life and unbroken 
vitality are rife on every side. Changes in the 
structure and furniture and services have been 
supplemented by the dying out of traditional 
lore; and designs are on foot to remodel their 
constitution : so that, on either ground, I hope to 
interest both the curious antiquary in matters of 
ritual, and the conscientious reformer in points 
of detail. 

The three beautiful 4 Sisters # of the Vale '—the 
spires of Lichfield — -so beautiful that old Fuller 
suggests that they should only be shown on great 
festivals; the glorious towers of Lincoln, on its 
sovereign hill, the delight of Southey and Words- 
worth; the majestic pile of York, perhaps the 
most admired in modem times, although Lord 
Burlington could not award his preference; the 
massive grandeur of Durham, immortalised by 
Scott and Johnson; the grace of Salisbury; the 
unequalled front of Wells ; the triple porches or 
gallery of Peterborough; the soaring angel steeple 
of Canterbury, and its more than rival at Glou- 
cester, if lost would be irreparable. They were 



Preface. 



vii 



the production of men who thought that to work 
was to pray, and laboured as those who in their 
daily procession spent every day as if their last, 
pour tray ing the pilgrimage of earth. Erasmus 
tells us of the joy of the travellers as they heard 
the great bells of Canterbury booming over the 
country side, and saw the two towers rising as 
if to salute those who approached ; and the church 
with such majesty lifting itself into the sky, that" 
even afar off it inspired religious awe, and when 
near blinded the eyes with its splendour. 1 
Gostling mentions that he had seen the eyes of 
negroes glisten as they caught their first sight 
of the interior, and Southey says he heard more 
than one American say it was worth while to 
cross the Atlantic in order to see a single 
Cathedral. 

They are the history of England written in 
stone; the erection, not of ecclesiastics only, but 
of every class of the community ; storehouses and 
treasuries of the arts, whether in glass, architec- 
ture, painting, sculpture, or carved work : there 
is scarcely a name of an ecclesiastic eminent in 
piety or literature which is not contained in their 
list of members; the graves of the highest and 
noblest are made, or their memorials erected 

1 Peregrin. Eelig. ergo; Op. 1. 360, 



viii 



Preface. 



under the shadow of their vaults ; music, learning 
and science have flourished within their walls; 
vast sums have been spent by persons in modern 
pilgrimages coming to visit their beauty; and a 
noble spirit of restoration has revived what was 
decayed in their structure and faulty in arrange- 
ment. They are a part of the Constitution, and, 
as Coleridge says, a petrifaction of religion. 
They elevate the position of the town which they 
grace; they raise the ordinary thoughts of men 
who labour and toil in the busy world around 
them, and make foreigners own, in despite of our 
miserable present style, that we once had a 
national architecture, which (as iEneas Sylvius, 
centuries ago, said at York, when he admired 
4 its gleaming walls of glass and graceful shafts,') 
produced fabrics 4 whose fame was commensurate 
with the civilised world/ 

These notes have been collected in the course 
of special reading extended over nearly a quarter 
of a century, and during frequent visits to our 
Cathedrals. To those who have given me in- 
formation, my best acknowledgments are due, 
and I shall be very grateful for any further 
suggestions or aid. 



TBADITIONS AND CUSTOMS 

OP 

CATHEDRALS. 



WANT OF CONTEMPOEAKY NOTICES OF 
USES AND CUSTOMS. 

It is an unfortunate fact that few ecclesiastics 
possessed of opportunities of daily observation have 
been animated with the spirit of the early ritualists, 
and played the important part of contemporary his- 
torians, with the exception of an illustrious band of 
Frenchmen, such as De Moleon, Claude le Vert, Le 
Brun, Mabiilon, and Martene. In England the Church 
at the Reformation established an uniform rite, and, 
in consequence; the ancient uses became obsolete, 
except so far as old tradition and custom were neces- 
sary to supplement the deficiencies and slender direc- 
tions of the new rubric. In time, owing to frequent 
revisions and political and religious changes, even 
this oral, or rather practical, reminiscence of previous 
usages gradually dimmed and partially passed away. 
The material fabrics suffered a great change, which 
contributed to efface ancient memories. 

W e have thus lost in our churches many an in- 
valuable work of art, and our libraries show empty 

B 



2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

shelves, once rich in books, which would have thrown 
a clear light on archaeological points now hopelessly 
involved in obscurity. No wonder foreign nations 
marvelled at our barbarous proceedings ; the pity is 
that we, three centuries after, suffer by this hot and 
rash fury of destructiveness. It must plead my 
excuse for any shortcomings in the present volume ; 
which is designed to embody all the strays and waifs 
of incidental information now available with regard 
to the Customs of our Cathedrals, mainly since the 
Reformation, and in degree previous to that great 
convulsion in the Church of this country. 

I have given, in my ' Cathedralia and Sacred Ar- 
cha3ology, ? the gradual development of the Cathedral 
system in England, its monastic foundations, the 
abortive attempts at Exeter and Wells to introduce 
Regular Canons on the model of Lorraine, Hugh 
Nonant's short-lived policy of the same kind at 
Coventry in 1190, 1 and that of Thomas of Bayeux 
at York, and the historic notices of the first division 
of the Common Fund into distinct prebends at Wells 
and Lincoln. For this reason I *shall not repeat 
these details here, but content myself with offering 
a sketch of the Constitution of Chichester as an 
instance of secular organisation. 

Charles I. 6 divided Cathedral churches into three 
ranks/ as Fuller informs us, 6 as he did his royal 
ships of the line, accounting St. Paul's at London, 
and the Cathedrals of York, Lincoln, and Winches- 
ter, of the first; Chichester, Lichfield, &c, of the 
second; and the Welsh Cathedrals, of the third.' 

1 Ang. Sac. i. 436. 



Cathedrals of the Old and New Foundations. 3 



The division I wish to point out is that, not of archi- 
tectural merit, but internal constitution. 

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION — CATHEDRALS OF THE OLD 
AND NEW FOUNDATIONS — CONSTITUTION OF A CATHE- 
DRAL OF THE FORMER CLASS — CHICHESTER — DUTIES 
OF MEMBERS — ANCIENT CUSTOMS AND OATHS. 

6 There are in Wales now/ according to the 6 Annals 
of Waverley/ under the date 1085, 'four bishoprics, 
in England seventeen, and in seven of these there are 
monks in the Cathedrals. This in other provinces you 
will seldom or never find ; but the reason in England 
for it is that the first preachers to the English, 
S. Augustine, Mellitus Justus, and Laurence, were 
monks. In the other nine Cathedrals there are Secu- 
lar Canons. 5 1 This is one of the earliest notices of 
the distinction between the Cathedrals of Secular 
Canons and those of Monks, or, as at Carlisle, 
Regular Canons, before the Reformation, which, since 
the reconstitution of the latter class, as converted 
by Henry VIII., have been known as Cathedrals of 
the Old and New Eoundations. The former are 
those of St. Paul's, Salisbury, Chichester, Exeter, 
Wells, Hereford, Lincoln, Lichfield, and York ; the 
latter include Canterbury, Durham, Winchester, 
Rochester, Ely, Norwich, and Worcester (Bath, Co- 
ventry, and Carlisle being omitted by the annalist) ; 
and the sees created after the dissolution of the Reli- 
gious Houses, to which I shall presently allude. 
Hugh Nonant, Giraldus says, stated before the Pro- 

1 Comp. Ann. Roffens. A.S. i. 342 ; Stubbs, Counc. iii. 576. 
b 2 



4 Traditions and Ciistoms of Cathedrals. 



vincial Council of London, as a 6 well-known and evi- 
dent fact, that throughout the world the Cathedrals 
were occupied by [secular] clergy, except in England 
only, which was converted by the monk St.. Augus- 
tine, bishop of the English, and in consequence he 
placed monks in them.' 1 These were, erroneous 
views, for although monks were soon introduced at 
Canterbury, 2 yet they were not established until the 
time of Laurence. When Walkelin of Winchester 
well-nigh persuaded the bishops that Cathedral 
canons in cope and surplice were better than monks, 
the archbishop was compelled to urge Pope Alexan- 
der III. not to sanction the change. 3 Gundulph ? , 
a.d. 1083, followed his policy at Rochester, 4 William 
of St. Calais at Durham ; 5 Ethelwold at Winchester. 
a.d. 964 ; 6 Oswald, ' circumventing the canons with 
holy art ? at Worcester, a.d. 969, 7 and Herbert Losinga 
at Norwich. 8 Peter removed from Lichfield to St. 
Peter's, Chester, which he filled with canons, but his 
successor, Robert 1. [de Limesey], made Coventry, 
then a monastery, his see, 9 and so in 1088 John de 
Villula chose Bath instead of Wells, 10 and in conse- 
quence the monks of these united sees had an equal 
voice with the canons. At Ely, Bishop Ethelwold 
ejected the clergy, and established monks, a.d. 970. 11 
In these Cathedrals the bishop was abbot and the 
convent the Cathedral Chapter, the monks acting as 

1 Aug. Sac. ii. 352. 2 A. S. Cliron. s.a. 995 ; W. Malm. 32. 

3 W. Malm. 72. * Ibid. 72. 

5 Ibid. 272 ; Begin. Dim elm. c. xvi. ; Hoveden, i. 129, b. 7 ; Simeon, 
Dun. 212. 6 Ibid. 167 ; Bromton, 364. 

7 Wendover, i. 413 ; W. Malm. 248. 8 Ibid. 151. 

9 Ibid. 310. 10 Ibid. 194. 11 Ibid, 322-4. 



Constitution of Chichester Cathedral. 



Cathedral canons, with the same duties as were com- 
mon to secular churches; 1 and to this day the 
Bishops of Ely, Durham, and Carlisle occupy that 
which is ordinarily the dean's stall on certain occa- 
sions, the two former having been a minster of Bane- 
dictines, and the latter of Regular Canons of St. 
Austin. 

QUOTIDIAN RESIDUE — RESIDENT! ABIES — FULL AXD 

HALF-FULL RESIDENCE FEES FOR ADMISSION — 

DEAN FR^ECENTOR CHANCELLOR TREASURER — 

COMMUNAR — INSTALLATION — VICARS 3 COLLEGE. 

Of the Constitution of Selsey Cathedral we know 
that it was monastic. 2 Stigand, who was promoted by 
William L, removed in 1082 the see to Chichester, 
where there had been St. Peter's Minster and a con- 
vent of nuns. 3 His successor, Ralph, who may be con- 
sidered the real founder of the Cathedral as regards the 
fabric, no doubt also arranged the establishment. In 
1108 the Cathedral was consecrated: the Norman sys- 
tem, as adopted at Lincoln by Eemigius, was followed 
at Chichester ; for the first Statute of 1114 4 is signed 
by the Dean, Precentor, Chancellor, Archdeacon, 
Canons, and Chaplains; and in 1127 a Statute em- 
powered three Canons, including the Treasurer, 
who received the whole commune, to distribute bread 
according to the Statute of Bishop Hilary, who had 
given the prebend of Sangleton, viz., the church of 
East Dene and its chapelries, lands, and tithes, for 

1 Reiner, Apost. Benecl. tr. i. sect. i. § 17, p. 77, 

2 W. Malm. 232. 3 Ibid. 68, 205. 

4 MSS. Harl. 6973, and Univ. Coll. Oxfd. No. cxlviii. 



6 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 

the purpose ; and from the residue of the commune 
to give 12ci to each canon present in his habit at 
Mass or Vespers on every Saturday weekly, with a 
deduction in proportion to his absences, and to every 
Vicae 3d. over and above the pence which their 
masters paid them — that is, a mark to a priest, half 
a mark to a deacon, and lie?, to a sub-deacon, each 
Vicar being bound to be in the same order as the 
prebendary whom he represented. The residue was 
divided by advice of the Chapter after all expenses 
had been paid in the collection of the commune and 
the stipends of the distributors. The choral habit 
was to be uniform, a cope open without gorjurse worn 
over a surplice or rochet. [This habit appears in two 
pictures of the time of Sherborne, in the Cathedral,] 
Those in the upper stalls were to be incensed twice, 
and a cross was to be carried before the Gospeller if 
he read in the roodloft. 

In 1226 a library had been long formed, for an old 
custom was revived, to the effect that a residentiary 
might borrow a reasonable number of books, which 
he was to return on leaving the city, unless he 
received the Dean's license and paid down an ade- 
quate deposit for their retention. 

The Treasurer had the charge of the treasure [the 
jewels, altar- plate, relics, vestments, and the like] and 
treasury by night and day, the ringing of the bells, 
the ornaments of the church, the altars, and the wax 
for the candles. The number of tapers which he 
had to furnish was prescribed : there were seven, 
each of two pounds in weight, upon the high altar, 
on the roodbeam eight of the same size, and two on 



The Treasurer. 



7 



the altar steps ; two in the small candlesticks car- 
ried before the priest when he censed the altar, and 
two used for the same purpose outside the choir, and 
two at Nocturns, and three on Trinity Sunday burn- 
ing in the chandelier in the midst of the choir; two 
before the bishop's throne when he was present, and 
one outside the choir, near the steps leading to the 
vestry. There were three lights only on the altar 
on week days and the lesser holydays. Whenever 
a canon wished to celebrate or hear mass, the Trea- 
surer furnished, through a Sacristan or Church- 
warden, once in the day, all necessaries ; his other 
assistants were a Clerk to light the tapers and two 
Servants or Ministers, at least, to ring the bells 
and sweep out the church at Easter and before the 
feast of dedication, and also hang the church at pro- 
per times with curtains, veils, and palls. At Lincoln, 
1440, two residentiaries called Masters of the Fabric, 
annually elective, looked after the repairs and clean- 
liness of the church and yard, and saw that no doves 
haunted the bell-house near the choir. 

A canon ' intitled - to sing mass was not bound to 
entertain the assistants or ministers, unless of his 
own accord he invited them to take refreshment 
(comestio). In later times, on the quarterly ' cake 
days, 5 a trace of the custom remained in the residen- 
tiary being conducted to church by the lay vicars. 

At Lincoln, 1440, the invitation was to be given 
on the previous day during the singing of the Am- 
brosian hymn, or before Lauds, by the canon's chap- 
lain, a priest who accompanied him in going to the 
choir or chapter. 



8 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

The Vicars being maintained at the table of their 
respective masters when resident, it was agreed that 
the Residentiary should receive his daily bread whe- 
ther present himself or by deputy at the Nocturns, 
and also if either of them was sick, or had been 
blooded, with the license of the Dean or other su- 
perior of the church. The Canon or Vicar, if absent 
on the business of the Dean and Chapter, and having 
his expenses paid out of the commune, received his 
daily pence only on the day of his departure and 
return. At Lincoln, 1440, the major residence con- 
sisted of thirty-four weeks and four days, with license 
of absence of one entire day in a week, the days 
of recess and return not being reckoned, with one 
day also when he was blooded with the Dean's 
leave. 

A canon who offended by omitting to do his duty was 
reprimanded by the Dean and Chapter ; a Vicar was 
fined Id. or 2d. out of his weekly stipend ; and those 
of lower degree were punished by the Chanter or the 
Chanter's Vicar. The ten Boys in the Third Form or 
Scholars were chosen by the latter officers ; and their 
names were written on the upper part of the Table 
near the margin ; and those who were maintained in 
the household [familia) of a canon were to receive 
special kindness from the Dean and Chapter. At 
Lincoln, 1440, the singing boys were admitted in 
Chapter-house only in presence of the Canons. 

In 1247 it was now ordered that no canon should 
receive the quotidian pennies who was not present in 
his habit in the Choir, at Vespers, or Matins, or High 
Mass, unless he had a reasonable excuse, or was 



Full and Ha If- Full Residence, 9 



absent on Chapter business, or was going on a jour- 
ney, or bad returned from one. The residue of the 
commune was to be given to the Residentiaries, that 
is, those canons who resided all the year, being 
absent only during three weeks in each quarter with 
the license of the Dean or a Canon — his Vice G event : 
but it was reckoned to be a Full Residence if a Canon 
was not absent during more than twelve weeks in the 
year altogether. There was also a Half-Full Resi- 
dence, where the absence did not comprise half the 
year, and in this case any share in the commune was 
a gift of grace. 

The quotidian distribution amounted to 3d. to 
every member present at Matins, Vespers, or High 
Mass, and on great feasts Id. in lieu of wine to those 
present at the Gospel at High Mass, if the Dean and 
Residentiaries approved. A Vicar, if prevented by 
illness from attendance at Mass and the Hours, was 
to supply his absence by one of his fellows in the 
same Form ; chaplains where there were two in a 
chantry did the same. Canons were bound to repair 
their prebendal houses, and if they omitted their 
duty, the Dean and Chapter compelled compliance 
with the rule. 

Ancient Constitutions with regard to the offices 
were as follows : — The Dean presided over all canons 
and vicars as regards cure of souls and correction 01 
morals. At Lincoln, 1440, all in choir bowed to the 
Dean when he entered or left choir, and rose when 
he passed through it; he visited, with two canons, as 
assessors, the Chapter and all members of the Cathe- 
dral triennially. 



I o Traditions and Ctistonis of Cathedrals. 

The Prsecentor ruled the choir as regards the ser- 
vice of song, and could raise or lower the chant ; he 
tabled the leaders and singers for night and day, 
admitted the inferior clerks into the choir and, in 
ordinations, read over the names of the clerks to be 
presented. The Chancellor had the control of Schools 
or taught them, heard and ended the lections, kept, 
with the aid of a faithful brother, the Church seal, 
and drew up letters and documents (cartas). The 
Treasurer kept the treasures, ornaments, vessels, and 
utensils ; furnished all the lights used throughout 
the year, rang the bells for all services, and opened 
and shut the doors. 

The only excuse for non-residence was study at 
the University (causa scholarum) and service to the 
King, who might have one canon in his chapel, an 
Archbishop one, and a Bishop two. A canon might 
be absent without leave of the Dean for two days. 
Only those present received the commune. The 
dignity of the Dean and all Canons was that they 
were to make answer to the Bishop only in Chapter, 
whose judgment they were to obey. 

At Lincoln, 1440, the Dean and Canons visited a 
dying canon with cross, tapers, and bells to give the 
extreme unction and kiss of peace. When he was 
dead the Commendation of the Soul was recited after 
Vespers; the choir and priests in silk copes carried him 
into the church, where the exequies were said with 
6 Placebo ' and 6 Dirige/ and on that night the choir 
kept watch round the bier on the north side before, 
and on the south side after, Matins, singing the whole 



Fees for Admission. 



Psalter with a full voice. Next day the burial took 
place. 

At JSTocturns canons of Chichester were to appear 
in silk copes without embroidery, except on the four 
great feasts of the year, or during the presence of the 
bishop or any great personage at the instance of the 
Dean or other Major of the Church. A canon who 
intended to become a residentiary paid first twenty- 
five marks to the Dean and Chapter, and the same 
sum to the fabric ; he was required to be present in 
choir at all the Hours ; so that if he was absent at 
any service he had to recommence his residence. 
Every day he was to entertain at dinner the vicar of 
his stall, two other vicars of choir, the porter, two 
sacrists, and one chorister during the year. He also 
gave a banquet to the Dean and Chapter and all the 
ministers of the church, and strangers coming from 
any part of Sussex ; and so at Exeter, hospites honesti 
were entertained on all festivals. At Lichfield, in 
James the First's time, each new vicar paid twenty 
shillings, called interest money, and at the end of 
his probation gave a 6 Senie feaste.' 1 

In 1662 hospitality had reached such a height at 
Durham, that a rule was made that neither the Dean 
nor any prebendary, during his residence of twenty- 
one days, except once weekly, should invite more 
than six persons, besides such strangers as they might 
accidentally meet, under a fine of 5Z. 2 

The cost of such an entrance on residence, which 
was common at the period, with a fee of 100 marks 

1 Haiwood, 264. 2 Granville's Letters, ii. 140. 



1 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 

in other churches, and sometimes still larger hos- 
pitality, no doubt deterred canons from undertaking 
residence as much as the dislike to conform to strict 
rule. 

At his institution the Dean, in the presence of the 
brethren in Chapter, asked the canon of Chichester 
if he would promise and swear fealty to the Church, 
obedience to the Dean and Chapter of residence 
according to the use of the Church ; would not reveal 
Chapter secrets, and would keep all the ancient and 
approved customs of the Church. If he promised to 
do this, the Dean gave him the book with (i. e., con- 
taining) the Rule (a rod is now erroneously given for 
seisin), and common, bread thereon, saying, C I re- 
ceive thee as a canon, and invest you in this prebend 
with the book for spirituals and bread for temporals. 5 
Afterwards he said, 6 Behold how good, &c. ; 5 then 
the Dean and brethren gave him the kiss of peace, 
and afterwards being placed before them, he swore 
to observe the prescribed articles : 6 1 promise and on 
these holy Gospels of God swear to observe these 
articles, and especially the order of Chapter touching 
the money deposited for the yearly distribution as far 
as touches me.' After the oath, he was given a stall 
in choir and a place in Chapter. 

When a Dean was elected by his brethren he was 
led to his stall solemnly with bells ringing, and the 
Chanter beginning Te Deum. Then the senior said 
a prayer, and the election being approved, the elect 
took his oath of perpetual residence, of observance of 
the statutes, of maintaining the decanal stock, and 
showing in his own person humility and patience. 



Installation. 



13 



He then prostrated himself before the cross in Chap- 
ter, the brethren singing three Psalms, ' Deus mise- 
reatur,' ' Ad te levavi/ ' Ecce quam bonum,' and the 
senior saying a prayer. He was then solemnly led 
by the majors to his stall, and the senior said the 
Lord's Prayer. 

The earliest instance of a distinct mention of a 
prebend does not reach beyond the reign of Edward I. 
The Vicar was to swear fealty to the Church, obe- 
dience to the Dean, reverence to the Chapter, and 
retention of his stall only at his master's pleasure, 
and the consent of the Dean and Chapter. There 
was also a statute requiring the new residentiary to 
pay fifty marks at his installation. The Dean, Prse- 
centor, Chancellor, and Treasurer had each their own 
house and oratory, and the Bishop gave the vacant 
prebendal houses to the residentiaries at his pleasure. 

The Vicars occupied a College, with its hall and 
chapel ; the Principal, who was elected annually, 
superintended the Vicars and reported offenders to 
the Dean and Chapter, received an oath of obedience, 
and appointed a deputy in his absence. The Vicars 
and other commoners were not to linger in the com- 
mon hall after the nocturnal collation called Beyers ; 
they were to keep silence within the precinct and in 
their chambers from 7 p.m. to 7 a,m., and were not 
to leave them for the night except by permission. 
They could not receive guests without license ; an 
inventory of plate and a common seal were to be kept; 
all business was transacted in the common hall ; the 
servants were to be delated but not corrected by 
the Vicars ; the steward kept the daily bread and 



14 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

buttery ; they dined after Nones, then sung after the 
High Mass, and supped after the last anthem, sung 
in the nave daily ; bevers were at 7 p.m. ; an anthem 
was sung after meals, and the Bible or some other 
lection was read during the time. Vicars were not 
to carry swords in the city, or keep dogs in their 
rooms ; rules were also prescribed for keeping the 
quadrangle and cloister clean, for the overseership of 
lands, distribution of fines, quarterly reading of the 
Statutes, and choice of servants. 

The System in the Old Foundation embraced four 
persons or dignitaries, the Dean, Prsecentor, Chan- 
cellor, and Treasurer, who occupied the four corners of 
the choir to overlook the good order of the members of 
the church ; Archdeacons were placed next in order, 
and then Canons and Prebendaries, according to their 
order of installation or the foundation of their stalls. 
Gradually a system of deputies grew up — Bishops had 
their suffragans, and evaded the Canon which re- 
quired them at least to reside in their Cathedrals on 
some of the greater feasts and in part of Lent, 1 and 
so dignitaries had their representatives, the Sub- 
Dean, Sub-Chanter, Sub-Chancellor, and Sub-Trea- 
surer; and Minor Canons, as at St. Paul's and 
Hereford, with right to celebrate at the high altar ; 
or Vicars were appointed for each of the Major 
Canons, whether as Priest, Deacon, or Sub-Deacon. 
In some cases a Sub-Dean and Sub-Chanter of 
Canons, as at York, Lincoln, and Salisbury, held 
an intermediate rank between the dignitaries and 
Canons. 

1 Lyndw. liii. t. iv. 131. 



Changes at the Reformation. 



15 



CHANGES AT THE REFORMATION — CATHEDRALS OF THE 
NEW FOUNDATION — HENRY THE EIGHTH'S ORIGINAL 
AND AMENDED SCHEMES — FIRST CONSTITUTION OF 

NORWICH — WESTMINSTER ONCE A CATHEDRAL 

ROBBING PETER TO PAY PAUL — -PETER SHAVES PAUL 
COVENTRY CATHEDRAL DESTROYED— BATH CATHE- 
DRAL LEFT A RUIN— EVILS OF A VICARIOUS SYSTEM. 

In the Cathedrals of the New Foundation which 
were recast, with the exception of the Dean, the digni- 
taries disappeared. A precentor and sacrist, annually 
elective by the Dean and Chapter from among the 
minor canons, and two officers, a sub-dean and trea- 
surer among the prebendaries (as they were called 
until the recent act of spoliation), represented them : 
a Gospeller and Epistolar were to assist the celebrant; 
and a grammar-school, in which the course was to 
embrace Hebrew, Latin, Greek, and Logic, was 
supplemented by a liberal foundation for Divinity 
students at the University ; a reader of Divinity and 
Latin was to give instruction, and a certain number 
of the prebendaries were to be accredited preachers 
to assist the clergy within a certain area round the 
Cathedral ; whilst a master of the children, lay 
singers and choristers, to conduct the solemn service 
of the choir, were appointed. The precentor noted 
the absences of the various members from choir. 
The monastic constitution never worked well, for the 
monks, 1 unlike the secular canons, were constantly 
at issue with their bishops. 

1 Ang. Sac. i. 620, 436, 727, 749: li. 480; Godwin, 521, 395, 348, 
169, 59. 



1 6 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

Henry VIII. seems at first to have taken tlie 
model of the Old Foundation s, as at Norwich we 
find a scheme of seats corresponding to the ancient 
rule. On the south side of the choir were two 
Prebendaries, the Prsecentor, and Chancellor, and 
on the north two more, the Treasurer and Arch- 
deacon; two others have distinct prebends, those of 
Lynn and Yarmouth, and among the sixteen Pre- 
bendaries occur the Sub-Dean and Succentor : 1 
and the custom of St. Paul's is the rule prescribed 
in the Statutes of Carlisle and Peterborough. At 
Durham, also, by Statute of 1556, the custom of the 
Old Foundations was adopted of giving admission to 
a new residentiary by the delivery of a white loaf 
upon the statutes. It is a corroboration of this view 
to find that in the Scheme of new bishoprics (drawn 
up by Gardiner, 1531-40) which was contemplated 
by Henry VIII. Norwich is omitted. It includes 
six sees which were actually constituted — Westmins- 
ter, Oxford, translated soon after from Osney, Peter- 
borough, Chester, Bristol, Gloucester — and others, 
which were never erected — St. Alban's, Shrewsbury, 
Waltham, Colchester, Fountains, and Bodmin-Laun- 
ceston-St. German's. The first scheme was one for 
combining abbeys with some of the new Cathedrals, 
Rochester and Leeds, Osney and Thame, Chester 
with Wenlock, Carlisle with Roche, and Durham 
with its cells. Had it been carried out, we should 
have been spared the scandal of Bishops of Rochester 
holding, as a matter of course, the Deanery of West- 
minster, and similar painful stories of episcopal 

1 Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii. 490-4. 



Robbing Peter to pay Paul. 



17 



indigence and supplementary compensation at a mo- 
mentous cost to the well-being and reputation of the 
Church at large. The revised list omits the adjuncts. 
In the end, Canterbury, Winchester, Norwich, Car- 
lisle, Durham, Ely, Worcester, and Rochester were 
converted into secular establishments; and these, 
with the six newly-erected sees already mentioned, 
now constitute the Cathedrals of the New Founda- 
tion. Westminster enjoyed only one episcopate, 
1540-1550, and owing to the transfer of some of the 
lands to the See of London and for the repair of St. 
Paul's, the proverb arose of" ' robbing Peter to pay 
Paul/ 1 

With all the specious show on paper, and the later 
erection of Ripon and Manchester, we have in fact 
fewer Cathedrals than in the early part of the six- 
teenth century, for Westminster has no longer a 
bishop, though, like the great churches of Antwerp 
and Brussels, Caen, Semur, Brou, Aire, St. Denis, 
Vendome, and St. Quentin, it is regarded as an 
acephalous 6 Cathedral,' from its dignity and impos- 
ing size. On the other hand, the Convocation always 
met in the double- storied Chapter-house of St. Paul's 
(and hence the names of the 6 Upper 5 and ' Lower 
House'), until Wolsey, as Legate, in 1523, convened 
it at Westminster ; and to this transference Skeltoii 
alludes, when he says — 

Grentle Paul, lay down thy sword, 

For Peter of Westminster hath shaved thy beard. 2 

It will be remembered that Shakspeare and later 
writers speak of the ' Cathedral of Westminster, 5 

1 Widmore, 133. 2 Stanley, 462. 

C 



1 8 Traditions and Cttstoms of Cathedrals. 



showing how the old name lingered on just as the 
men of Coventry still speak of their city. It is said 
that the Poet passed the night in the Abbey when he 
was preparing the gravedigger's scene in ' Hamlet/ 
The visitor to Coventry will now see, carefully pre- 
served, a few bases and the lower parts of shafts in a 
continuous line, within a sunken pit. These are the 
suggestive remains of a magnificent Benedictine 
Minster, a famous Cathedral, rich in historic memo- 
ries, which Henry VIII., with his usual wanton and 
wicked violence, ordered to be levelled with the 
ground : in vain did Bishop Lee intreat and beseech 
the infamous Cromwell that 'his principal see and 
head church ' might stand, or that 6 it might be 
brought to a Collegiate church as Lichfield, and so 
the poor city have a perpetual comfort of the same/ 
What a splendid sight must that Cathedral have been, 
with the noble churches of Holy Trinity and St. 
Michael, as tradition says that it rivalled even Lich- 
field in beauty — it was indeed a matchless group ! 
Bath also was reduced to the condition of a parish 
church. 

The crying evil of non-residence was a constant 
theme for reproach in the Injunctions of bishops and 
the writings of the period, as, for instance, in the 
stinging sarcasm of Richard of Devizes, that canons 
never resided, and praised God through the lips of 
their vicars. 1 At Hereford, on the occasion of Henry 
the Third's visit, neither Dean, nor Canon, nor Vicar 
was to be found in the city, and the church and 
establishment were in decay and ruin, 2 and Fitz- 

1 Chron. 66. 2 Wilkins' Cone. i. 761. 



Evils of a Vicarious System. 1 9 



steplien tells us that on the Feast of the Ascension 
at St. Paul's, Berengar, the envoy of Becket, found 
only a vicar as celebrant. In consequence of vicarious 
representation, and the creation of distinct prebends 
(except at Exeter), non-residence with all its evils 
grew up, and it was found indispensable to insist 
upon the value of personal residence, and invite it by 
limiting the share in the distributions and casual 
offerings to those actually present at Divine service. 
So after the Reformation the number of residentiaries 
became curtailed ; the power of a voluntary protesta- 
tion of residence being taken away ; and the pretence 
put forward that the capitular funds could do no 
more than support a reduced staff. Yet Hacket in 
his day speaks of one Cathedral maintaining three 
hundred persons or more. 

Then came evasion of residence on the part of resi- 
dentiaries, the year was partitioned off for their 
separate terms of appearance, in many cases a single 
house was only retained for their accommodation; 
and at last public attention was called to the matter, 
and, in a sudden and hasty panic of great popular 
excitement, when root and branch reform was the 
general cry, the number of residentiaries was cut 
down, and all the stalls of members of the great 
Chapter (which had practically fallen into desuetude) 
were disendowed. It was a fatal act of destructive- 
ness ; and a spirit of selfish cowardice on the part of 
Churchmen suffered it to take effect / when a timely 
acknowledgment of shortcomings and a vigorous show 
of internal reform might have staved off the hands of 
the spoiler, which have left our Cathedral establish- 

c 2 



20 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

ments so weak and scanty, that a repetition of the 
process would leave them simply useless and un- 
manageable. 

MEDIAEVAL RAVAGES AND PROFANITIES. 

The Cathedrals in the north were 6 half Church of God, 
half castle 'gainst the Scot/ and in the south were 
not exempt from disorders, profanity, and even blood- 
shed in the age of steel, when they afforded sanc- 
tuaries against wrong, and furnished an important 
part in the work of national civilization. At Win- 
chester the monks actually reversed the order of 
procession in order to signify anger at a bishop's 
conduct ; 1 but even monastic discipline could not 
always procure reverence in church, for Robert de 
Stichill, afterwards Bishop, when a young monk, was 
thoughtless and rebellious, and on a Sunday when he 
was ordered to sit in the midst of the choir on a stool, 
he was so ashamed of his appearance that he took it 
by the leg and threw it into the nave among the 
people. 2 It is also remarkable to read in ancient 
statutes some of the ordinances of older times, when 
it was necessary that such indecencies as playing at 
ball in church, buying and selling, quarrels, blows, 
and traffic in candles at St. Paul's and Chichester, 
should be rigorously forbidden. 

Griffith of North Wales and Earl Mf gar, on Oct. 
24, 1005, entered Hereford and slew seven canons, 
who defended the doors of the great church which 
Ethelstan had built, and burned the Minster, with 



1 Ann. Winton. 46. 



3 Eob. de Graystanes, vii. 45. 



Medieval Ravages and Profanities. 2 1 

all its ornaments, vestments, and divers relics, and 
took away its treasures. 1 In 1139 the Cathedral 
was reduced to desolation and solitude, according to 
the touching picture given by William of Wycumbe. 2 
In. 1264, at the time of Vespers, the Earl of Leicester's 
' sqtiires of the devil entered the Cathedral with drawn 
swords, and crucified its sons and all that were found 
therein with fear and terror, with the Lord who 
suffers in His elect, and took away by force the gold, 
silver, and precious things. Many royal charters 
and other muniments necessary to the Church of 
Rochester were lost and torn in the Prior's chapel. 
Some monks were guarded as prisoners in the church. 
The armed knights on horseback rode about the 
altars, and dragged away with wicked hands those 
who took sanctuary at them. 0, day of sadness and 
death ! wherein the noble Church, with all it con- 
tained, became the spoil of vile fellows, who showed 
no more respect or reverence to it than the meanest 
stew or cabin. The holy places — chapels, cloisters, 
chapter-house, infirmary, and all that was holy — 
were made into stables, and deluged with the filth of 
animals and the foulness of dead bodies.' 3 

In 1217 Lincoln Cathedral was treated, by orders 
given by the Legate to the soldiery, as though its 
canons were excommunicate, and enemies of the 
Roman Church and the King of England, and the 
precentor mourned over a loss of 11,000 marks of 
silver. 4 Hemingford says that the soldiers used it as 



1 Simeon, Dunelm. 187 ; A. S. Chron. i. 157. 

2 Ang. Sac. ii. 313-4. 3 Edm. de Hadenham, A. S. L 351. 
4 Wendover, iv. 25. 



22 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

a stables and cattle pens ; 1 and in 1216 Faukes 
de Breaute spoiled the Cathedral of Worcester. 2 
Stephen did great injury to Exeter. 3 

On May 4, 1264, the priory gate of Winchester, 
the adjoining buildings and city gate, with St. 
Swithin's Church oyer it, were burned by the citiz&ns, 
and many of the community killed. 4 

In 1273, on the morrow of St. Laurence, the 
citizens of Norwich, with the women of the city, 
nearly made an end of the Cathedral ; they burned 
the great gate and parish church, the bell-tower, 
dormitory, refectory, infirmary, almonry, chamber- 
lain's office, sacristy, guest-house, the Lady Chapel, 
and other domestic buildings ; they burned or stole 
the reserved sacrament of the altar, with the golden 
cup pendent over the altar, and the reliques, books, 
sacred plate, vestments, candlesticks, and ornaments 
of Divine service, and murdered some members of 
the house— sub- deacons, clerks, and laymen — in the 
Cloisters and Close, and others they dragged away 
and slew in the city, or put them in prison. For 
three days they continued their horrible excesses and 
pillage, only two or three of the monks venturing to 
remain. The city was in consequence laid under an 
interdict, and severe measures were taken with the 
rioters. 5 

Sometimes bishops laid to hands, as at Coventry, 
where Chesterfield says the Cathedral was so rich in 
gold and silver that the walls seemed too strait to 

1 Gale, ii. 558; Ann. Waverl. 287. 2 Ann. Wigorn. 407, 416. 
3 Descript. by Soc. Ant. Lond. 6. 4 Ann. Winton. s. a. 

5 Barthol. Cotton. 149, 423 ; Oxenedes, 241. 



Mediaeval Ravages and Profanities, 2 3 



hold the treasures. 1 Eobert L took 500 marks of 
silver from the beam which supported the shrines. 2 

At Durham, Bishop Philip of Poictiers, because 
the monks locked him out, turned the Cathedral into 
a prison-house ; he surrounded it with troops, set 
fire and smoke to the doors and windows, and cut off 
all supplies of food. 3 When the Prior was commenc- 
ing the Mass, he sent in clerks, laymen, and priests 
to seize on the altar linen, and there were the monks 
pulling one way and these intruders another way, 
a most disgraceful sight. 4 Bee also was in collision 
with the convent, who refused to accept his nominee 
as Prior, whereupon he sent his foresters from Wer- 
dale and the men of Tynedale to besiege them ; so 
close was the siege that no victuals could be intro- 
duced, the watercourses were cut off, and the gates 
of the priory and the cloister being broken down, for 
three days the monks were kept prisoners in the 
church. On St. Bartholomew's Day a monk dragged 
the prior from his stall, when a man of Tynedale 
averred he would not do the work for gold ; and at 
length, overpowered, the convent accepted the patri- 
arch's new prior. 5 

Hugh de Nonant, in 1189, so irritated the monks 
of Coventry, that, whilst he was holding a synod in 
their church, they rushed upon him and broke his 
head with a cross and spilled his blood before the 
altar. 6 At Norwich Henry Spencer had a contention 
with his monks for fifteen years ; they being too weak 

1 Aug. Sac. i. 443. 2 W. Malm. 310. 3 Ang. Sac. ii 727. 
4 Ibid. 729. 5 Ibid. 750. 

* Dugdale, Warw. 102 ; Kich. of Devizes, 9. 



24 Traditions and Cicstoms of Cathedrals. 



for him, at last were glad to give him 400 marks to 
enjoy their privileges in like sort as heretofore they 
had done. 1 

In 1394 we are told that Lincoln Cathedral on 
St. Stephen's Day was polluted, owing to the pride 
and discords of the clergy ; 2 at Michaelmas, 1393, 
St. Paul's was also polluted with human blood ; 3 in 
1400, on the feast of St. Ambrose, the boys were 
playing at the battle of English and Scots in St. 
Paul's Churchyard, and the play waxed so hot and 
those engaged were so many that some were wounded 
and some were killed. 4 A Frenchman of vicious life, 
Prior of Campania and Proctor to the Bishop of 
Hereford, was slain at Mass after the Sanctus, before 
the altar of St. Mary Magdalen, in 1252. 5 On 
Sunday, 1205, W. de Bramford, Sub-Dean of Lincoln, 
was murdered in the Church of Lincoln by a former- 
vicar, before St. Peter's altar ; he was at once torn 
almost limb from limb by the sub-dean's servants 
and others, and then dragged out and hanged outside 
the city. 6 At St. Paul's, 1259, two candidates for a 
vacant stall killed each other in church. In 1249, 
at York, an archdeacon was murdered by a soldier 
stung with his reproaches. 7 In 1561, a man who 
made a fray in St. Paul's Cathedral had his ear 
nailed to the pillory. 



1 Godwin, 352. 2 J. de Trokelowe, 166. 3 Ibid. 164. 

4 Ibid. 332. 5 Ann. Wigorn. 441 ; Ann. de Theok. 149. 

6 Ann. of Waverley, 257. 7 Matt. Par. ii. 511. 



Pillaging Bishops. 



~5 



PILLAGING BISHOPS WOMEN FORBIDDEN IN THE 

CLOSE — PURGING OF CHURCHES — DESTRUCTION OF 
MONUMENTS — STATE OF CATHEDRALS. 

The effect of the Eeformation in England was at 
first not altogether beneficial in a religious point of 
view. It was, in great degree, a political act ac- 
quiesced in by the whole nation ; a revulsion against 
the intolerable burden of papal supremacy, laxity of 
discipline, and prevalence of superstitions; but, as 
Bacon says, 6 men made it, as it were, their scale by 
which to measure the bounds of the most perfect 
religion, taking it by the furthest distance from the 
error last condemned. 9 In 1289 all the prebends 
of Lincoln, with the exception of five, were held 
by Eomans. 1 Now Erastianism took the place of 
Popery, bringing in the tyranny of the State ; foreign 
Protestantism regarded all that was ancient &s an 
abomination, and sought to innovate all things, 
until all discipline was relaxed, the services of the 
CHurch neglected, and its fabrics and ornaments 
given over to havoc : so at York and Lincoln the 
significant entry was made, 6 Abrepto omni thesauro 
desiit thesaurarii munus.' Bigots like Home, and 
Hooper, who would not wear a square cap because 
his head was round, disreputable men as Poynet and 
Whittingham, unscrupulous courtiers as Holbeche, 
who left most of the churches in Lincoln in ruin, 2 
and Barlow, intent only on marrying his daughters, 
which he did, to five Bishops, were evil counsellors 
in those day, when a serving man was made a 

1 Ann. Wigorn. 501. 2 Camd. ii. 263. 



26 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



Prebendary of Salisbury. 1 It is well known tliat 
chalices were converted into drinking-cups, altar- 
palls into quilts and coverlets, coffins into horse- 
troughs, and vestments into hall-hangings. At 
Zaragoza and Valencia are some of those once used 
in St. Paul's. 2 Sir J. Harington writes : 6 Scarce 
were five years past after Bath's ruins, but as fast 
went the axes and hammers to work at Wells. The 
goodly hall, covered with lead, was uncovered. The 
Chapel of our Lady, late repaired by Stillington, a 
place of great reverence and antiquity, was likewise 
defaced ; and, such was their thirst after lead, that 
they took the dead bodies of Bishops out of their 
leaden coffins and cast them abroad. The statues of 
brass and all the ancient monuments of Kings went 
to an alderman of London ; the statues of Kings 
were shipped from Bristol, but lie in St. George's 
Channel, where the ship was drowned.' 3 

Bishop Arthur Bulkeley spoiled the bishopric of 
Bangor and sold the five bells, and would go down 
to the sea to see them shipped, and was suddenly 
deprived of sight. 4 

At Durham the unworthy 6 dean ' Whittingham, a 
man not in orders, like a Dean of Wells in 1537, 
whose infamous character has been lately exposed, 5 
either destroyed the tombs in the Centerie garth, or 
removed the stones to make a 6 washinge howse,' 
6 for he could not abyde any auncient monuments, 
nor nothing that apperteyned to any godlie religi- 

1 Parker's Works, 176. 2 Ford's Spain, i. 440. 

3 Nug. Ant. ii. 147. 4 Fuller's Worthies, ii. 57. 

5 Camd. Misc. vi. 47. 



Women forbidden in the Close. 27 

ousnes;' he steeped beef and salt fish in the holy 
water vats, unleaded the Refectory, and would have 
sold the very bells. 1 Whilst his French wife actually 
burned the famous standard of St. Cuthbert, which 
was never showed at any battle but it brought home 
the victory, 2 he flagged his house with the grave- 
stones of the Priors, 3 and, like Dean Wilford at Ely, 
intended to sell the bells for his own profit ; 4 exceed- 
ing even the atrocities of Dean Horne, who, when 
Bishop, 1570, destroyed at Winchester, partly for 
the sake of the leaded roofs and partly out of bigotry, 
the Chapter House, Dormitory, Eefectory, Cloisters, 
and other buildings, which have left the south side 
of the nave now naked and bare. 

The palaces and Cathedrals were alike in danger ; 
Bishop Warton left only the palace of St. Asaph to 
his successors ; and Bishop Barlow, to provide for 
his children, stripped off the lead from his palace at 
St. David's and Wells, and would, as appears by one 
of his letters in the Cottonian Library, have pulled 
down the very Cathedral church of St. David had he 
stayed there. 5 Possibly Elizabeth may have had 
such outrages in view when she ordered that all 
priests in Cathedral churches, who had wives, to have 
them ' lie no more within that place. 5 6 Thorn dike 
also wished Cathedrals to be communities of celi- 
bates. 7 To the convenience of the Prebendaries' 
wives at Durham Wyatt was within an ace of sacri- 
ficing the Galilee, and the beautiful initials and 



1 Kites, xix. xxix. xxx. 
4 Kites, 34. 

6 Strype's Annals, i. 405. 



2 Kites, 23. 3 Camden, iii. 119. 
5 B. Willis, St. Asaph, i. 99. 

7 Works, v. 51, 576. 



28 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 



miniatures of many of the priceless MSS. in the 
Cathedral library were cut out by a nursemaid of one 
of the Chapter in order to amuse some fractious 
children. 

At Canterbury, Parker, in 1567, doubted c whether 
the married sort or virginal pastors had done most 
spoil' in plate and copes. 1 At Wells there are two 
corbel-busts, 6 representing a king, holding in his 
hands a child falling, and a bishop with a woman and 
children about him. There was a tradition that when 
there should be such, then the Church should be in 
danger of ruin; the child, they said, was King 
Edward, and the fruitful bishop Dr. Barlow, the first 
married bishop/ 2 

Harding well asked Bishop Jewel how he could 
reconcile the destruction of the canopy over the 
altar while his seat had a solemn canopy of painted 
boards spread over his head? and Eidley, at St. 
Paul's, broke down ' the wall standing by the high 
altar's side,' that is, the exquisite reredos of St, Paul's. 3 
c The Church was altogether scoured of gay gazing 
sights, such as gross fantasy was greatly delighted 
with. A woman said to her neighbour,' we are told 
in the Homily of the Place and Time of Prayer, 
6 Alas, gossip, what shall we now do at church since 
all the saints are taken away, since all the goodly 
sights we were wont to have are gone, since we cannot 
hear the like piping, singing, chanting, and playing 
upon the organs that we could before.' With 6 the 
superstitious and idolatrous manners' went altars, 
sculpture, tombs, stained glass, carvings, screens, 

1 Corr. 304. 2 Nugae Antiq. ii. 148. 3 Works, 324. 



Purging the Chtirches. 



29 



paintings, pictures, and other furniture of unrivalled 
value. All monuments of this character were to be 
taken down, so ' that there remain no memory of the 
same in walls, glass windows, or elsewhere within 
churches/ 1 ' Polluted churches were purged 5 with a 
vigour and haste so violent, wholesale, and destructive, 
that within a year the Queen 2 had to issue a procla- 
mation against persons ' ignorant, malicious, or 
covetous, who had of late years spoiled and broken 
monuments of stone and metal/ to regret ' churches 
at the present day 5 spoiled, broken, and ruinated to 
the offence of all noble and gentle hearts,' and forbid 
in future ' the defacing of any monument, tomb, or 
grave/ ' the breaking of images not erected for any 
religious honour/ and 6 the defacing of any image in 
glass windows/ The sacrilegious hands were stayed, 
but a worse destruction had befallen c all antiphoners, 
missales, grayles, processionalles, manuelles, legendes, 
pies, portasies, jornalls and ordinalles after the Use 
of Sarum, Lincoln, Yorke, or any other private use, 
and all bokes of service which were ruthlessly defaced 
and abolished/ 3 

By chap. x. 3 & 4 Edw. VI. 1549, all images of stone, 
umber, alabaster, or earth, graven, carved, or painted, 
were to be defaced and destroyed, and all the old 
service-books to be burned ; the only exception being 
in favour of effigies of kings, nobles, or other dead 
person. By 1 Edw. VI. c. 14, the crown unrighteously 
seized all the revenues of chantries and chapels, 

1 King Edward VI.'s Inj, 1547, n. 28; Queen Elizabeth's Injunctions, 
1559, n. 23. 

2 Weever's Funer. Mon. e. x. p. 51. 3 Edward YI.'s Order, 1549. 



30 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



except in Cathedral and some other specified churches, 
and by 3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 37, the exportation of bell- 
metal was fortunately prohibited. 

The state of Canterbury Cathedral at the time of 
Archbishop Parker's Visitation in 1573 was eminently 
unsatisfactory. A great many old copes remained, 
' of which the Dean had* away with several/ whilst 
Mr. Bullen, one of the Prebendaries, a hasty man 
who struck people blows, threatened to nail him to 
the wall with his sword ; 1 and in 1597 Archbishop 
Wkitgift found that 6 some Clerks had their wives or 
women-servants in their chambers in the dormitory/ 
and 6 children, girls as well as boys, besides the 
choristers, were taught in the church. 5 2 

A MS. diary of the year 1634 gives us an interest- 
ing insight into the condition of Cathedrals. At 
Lincoln there was 6 solemn service, the organs with 
other instruments suited to most excellent voices :' 
at Durham, ' the sweet sound and richness of a fair 
organ and the orderly, devout, and melodious har- 
mony of the choristers : ' at Lichfield, ' the organs 
deep and sweet : ' at Winchester, 6 the organs sweet, 
tunable, and sweetly played on, the choristers skilful, 
and the voices good : 9 and at Exeter, ' the delicate, 
rich organ with viols and other sweet instruments 
and tunable voices making a melodious and heavenly 
harmony able to ravish the hearers* ears/ suggest a 
most beautiful picture of devotion and the beauty 
of holiness. Unhappily, all the choirs were not 
' indifferent.' Peterborough Cathedral was in 6 a 
deplorable condition' and ' Carlisle was like a great 

1 Strype's Parker, ii. 301. 2 Stiype's Whitgift, ii. 385. 



State of Cathedrals. 



3i 



wild country church; and as it appeared outwardly so 
was it inwardly, neither beautified nor adorned one 
whit ; the organs and voices did well agree, the one 
being like a shrill bagpipe, the other like the Scottish 
tone, the sermon in the like accent. The Communion 
was administered and received in a wild and irreve- 
rent manner/ So late as 1756 Hume wrote on a 
window at Carlisle, 

Here godless boys God's glories squawl. 

RAVAGES IN THE CIVIL WARS — WORCESTER — DURHAM 
ST. ASAPH — LICHFIELD PETERBOROUGH SALIS- 
BURY—BRISTOL HEREFORD — CHESTER CARLISLE 

LINCOLN — WINCHESTER EXETER ROCHESTER 

CHICHESTER — ST. PAUL ? S CANTERBURY NORWICH 

YORK. 

In the time of the great troubles in 1644 the Par- 
liament commenced a new spoliation of Cathedrals, 
when an ordinance was made that from November 1 
all Communion-tables should be removed from the 
east end of every church and all rails taken away, 
with all tapers, candlesticks, and basins, altars, tables 
of stone, crucifixes, crosses, images, and pictures. 1 

The savage atrocities committed by the Parliamen- 
tary reformers in 1646 at Worcester are too foul to 
record here. 6 The organs being two fair pair, ail 
the bishops' beards, noses, fingers, and arms and all, 
if they had any white sleeves, were broken. King 
John and the other kings that lie interred there have 
not passed better in this quarrel than with cracked 

1 Harl. Miscellany, v. 440-2. 



32 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

crowns/ 1 On Sept. 24, 1642, their whole army, 
under the Earl of Essex, effected 6 the profanation of 
the Cathedral, destroying the organ, breaking in 
pieces divers beautiful windows wherein the founda- 
tion of the church was lively historified with painted 
glass, and barbarously defacing divers fair monu- 
ments of the dead. And, as if this were not enough, 
they brought their horses into the body of the church, 
keeping fires and courts of guard therein, making 
the quire and side-aisles with the font the common- 
places wherein they did their easements of nature. 
Also to make their wickedness the more complete, 
they rifled the library with the records and evidences 
of the church, tore in pieces the Bibles and service- 
books pertaining to the quire, putting the surplices 
and other vestments upon their dragooners, who 
rode about the streets with them/ 2 At York the 
brasses, enriched with images of bishops and others, 
6 which formerly shone like embroidery/ and had 
been spared by the iconoclasts of the earlier period 
of the Reformation, were stripped and pillaged to the 
minutest piece of metal by those who imitated their 
depredations and scandalous zeal, or rather love of 
lucre, during the civil wars; so that out of 113 
epitaphs not ten were left, in the nave alone. York 
was * the best preserved of all in the great war, the 
best preserved from the fury of the sacrilegious by 
composition with the rebels/ 3 Gent records a tradi- 
tion, that if his death had not fortunately frustrated 
his wicked project, a certain disciple of the Common - 

1 Carte's Letters, i. 15. 
2 Short View of the late Troubles, 557. 3 Evelyn's Diary, ii. 89. 



Durham — St Asaph — Lichfield. 



33 



wealth, had obtained a grant to pull down the incom- 
parable Chapter-house of York as useless. 1 At Lin- 
coln, in 1641 5 the soldiers went in with axes and 
hammers and shut themselves in till they had rent 
and torn off some barge-loads of metal ; 2 the Cathe- 
dral was so miserably ravaged that not one brass 
plate or monument escaped the mad rage of these 
men : at Peterborough the case was the same, and at 
Chichester a single brass of the Elizabethan period 
is all that is preserved : at Norwich only one remains. 
At Durham, in 1650, the Scots, in pursuit of Dean 
Ballanqual, as the author of King Charles's Declara- 
tion, revenged themselves on the monuments and 
destroyed the stalls, when, it is said, a thistle on the 
face of the clock preserved it from their hands. 

At St. Asaph the Cathedral was profaned by Milles, 
the postmaster, who lived in the palace and sold 
wine there, and kept his horses and oxen in the nave, 
his calves in the throne and choir, and removed the 
font to his garden to serve as a hog-trough. 3 

At Lichfield 6 they demolished all the monuments, 
pulled down the curious carved work, battered in 
pieces the costly windows, and destroyed the evidences 
and records ; they stabled their horses in the body 
of the church, kept courts of guard in the Cross- 
aisle, broke up the pavement, and polluted the quire 
with their excrement ; every day hunting a cat with 
hounds through the church, and delighting themselves 
with the echo from the goodly vaulted roofs ; and, to 
add to their wickedness, brought a calf into it, wrapt 

1 York. Cath. 15. 2 Evelyn's Diary, i. 92. 

3 B. Willis, Asaph, i. 115. 
D 



34 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 

in linen, carried it to the font, sprinkled it with, water, 
and gave it a name in scorn and derision of that 
holy Sacrament of Baptism. 5 When Prince Rupert 
recovered the church by force on April 21, 1643, the 
governor, Russell, carried away the Communion plate 
and linen, with whatsoever else was of value. 5 The in- 
jury done to the Cathedral was estimated at 14,000L, 
including the organ, the stalls, and the exquisite tomb 
of Lord Paget, which had been made in Italy. The 
vestry and chapter-house were the only buildings 
which had roofs to shelter them, the west front was 
shattered, and the great steeple beaten down; and 
the wreck caused by the effects of 2,000 shot of great 
ordnance and 1,500 hand-grenades was only partially 
undone by the continuous labours of eight years 
devoted to the rebuilding. 1 At Peterborough the 
beautiful reredos and a magnificent cloister were 
destroyed. CromwelFs horsemen in April, 1643, 
4 broke open the church-doors and pulled down two 
pair of organs ; those which stood on the rood-loft 
they stamped and trampled on ; they then tore in 
pieces all the common prayer books in the choir, and 
broke down all the seats, stalls, and wainscot canopies 
behind them ; the great brass candlestick hanging in 
the middle of the choir, containing about a dozen 
and a-half of lights, with another bow candlestick 
about the brass eagle — these were broken in pieces, 
and most of the brass carried away and sold. They 
burned the altar-rails and threw down the Holy Table. 
On July 13 another gang of marauders plundered the 
vestry, and dragged down the stately screen, well 

1 Shaw's Staffordshire, i. 242 -3. 



Peterborough. 



35 



wrought, painted, and gilt, which rose up as high 
almost as the roof of the church in a row of three 
lofty spires, with other lesser spires growing out of 
each of them. Over this place, in the roof of the 
church, in a large oval yet to be seen, was the picture 
of our Saviour seated on a throne, one hand erected 
and holding a globe in the other, attended with 
the four Evangelists and Saints on each side with 
crowns in their hands ; some of the company espying 
this, cried out and said, Lo ! this is the God these 
people bow and cringe unto ! this is the idol they 
worship and adore ! Hereupon several soldiers 
charged their muskets and discharged them at it, and 
by many shots at length quite defaced it. They 
robbed and rifled the tombs and violated the monu- 
ments of the dead, broke down the hearse of Queen 
Catherine, insulted the tomb of Mary Queen of 
Scots, the tomb of Bishop Dove, and that of Sir 
Humphrey Orme, whose effigy they carried on a 
soldier's back to the public market-place, there to be 
sported withal, a crew of soldiers going before in 
procession, some with surplices, some with organ- 
pipes, to make up the solemnity. The exquisite 
painted glass in the Cathedral and cloisters was de- 
stroyed along with the manuscripts and records in the 
chapter-house ; and the carved work in the fair and 
goodly church, which was quite stript of all its orna- 
mental beauty and made a ruthful spectacle, a very 
chaos of desolation and confusion, nothing scarce 
remaining but only bare walls. Many fair buildings 
were likewise pulled down and sold by public auction, 
the cloisters, the chapter-house, the library, the 

D 2 



36 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

bishop's hall, and chapel at the end of it. The lead 
that came off the palace was fatal, for the merchant 
that bought it lost it all and the ship which carried 
it on her voyage to Holland. Mr. Oliver St. John, 
Chief Justice then of the Common Pleas, being sent 
on an embassy into Holland by the powers that 
governed then, requested the boon of them at his 
return that they would give him the ruined church 
or minster at Peterborough ; this they did accor- 
dingly, and he gave it to the town for their use, to 
be employed as a parochial church. 5 1 In order to 
make the necessary repairs, the magnificent Lady 
Chapel, which occupied a position similar to that of 
Ely, was wholly destroyed. At Salisbury, however, 
the churchmen in some manner preserved their 
minster from falling into dilapidation when the 
services were discontinued, the revenues confiscated, 
and all its members dispersed (although the chapter- 
house sculptures were defaced) ; as Dr. Pope, in his 
Life of Seth Ward relates, workmen were often seen 
employed in making repairs, and when questioned by 
whom they were sent, were accustomed to reply : — - 
Those who employ us will pay us ; trouble not your- 
selves to enquire ; whoever they are, they do not 
desire to have their names known. Still there was 
ample destruction of stained glass, of carving in the 
chapter-house, and statues on the west front. 2 
Bristol Cathedral had a worse fate, for every indignity, 
which was supposed to be a profanation of sacred 
places, was offered; furnaces were erected on the 

1 G union's Peterborough, Supplement, 333-339. 

2 Hoare's New Sarum, 405. 



Hereford — Chester — Carlisle — L incohi. 3 7 

side of the altar, and even the bedroom in which the 
Bishop's wife lay, at a time when common decency 
and humanity should have preserved her from insult, 
was unroofed for the sake of the lead. 1 At Hereford, 
where the loyalists gave false alarms to the besiegers 
by 'lights on the steeple, 52 the chapter-house was 
unroofed in order to furnish lead for some portions of 
the castle. 

At Chester, in February, 1646, the Parliamentary 
army defaced the choir, broke the painted glass, and 
destroyed the organ and font. 3 

At Carlisle, during the progress of the Reformation, 
the statues were torn from the canopies of the stalls, 
and ancient glass, brasses, and monuments shared 
in the ruin. In June, 1645, the Parliamentarians 
destroyed nearly the whole of the nave, the cloisters, 
the dormitory, the chapter-house, the prebendal 
houses, and part of the deanery, in order, as Sir 
Walter Scott says, to 6 construct a receptacle for the 
sanguinary agents of cavil strife and discord/ 

6 The chief Cathedrals of England have tasted this 
abominable reformation, particularly that of Lincoln 
hath lately been prophaned by Cromwell's barbarous 
crew of Brownists, who have pulled down all the 
brave carved works there, torn to pieces all monu- 
ments and tombs, laid them even with the ground, 
shot down all the scutcheons and arms of such lords 
and gentlemen as were benefactors or buried there ; 
and, for which all Christians will for ever abhor them, 
have filled each corner of that holy place with their own 

1 Sayer's Bristol, ii. 91. 2 Duncumb. i. 229. 

3 Lysons' Chester, 568. 



38 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 

and horses' dung in so horrid a measure as the Lord 
Kimbolton would turn away his groom that should 
suffer his worst stable to lie half so nasty as he and 
Cromwell have made the House of God/ 1 

6 The rebels under Sir Wm. Waller, on Tuesday, 
12th of December, 1642, being masters of Winchester, 
instantly fall upon the close ; they break into some 
of the Prebend's houses and plundered their goods ; 
Wednesday and Wednesday night being spent in 
plundering the close. On Thursday morning between 
9 and 10 of the clock they violently break open the 
Cathedral Church, and being entered, to let in the 
tide they presently open the great west doors, when 
the barbarous souldiers, gready to rob God and pollute 
His temple as if they meant to invade God as well as 
His possession, enter the Church with colours flying, 
their drums beating, their matches fired — and that 
all might have their part in so horrid an attempt, 
some of their troops of horse also accompanied them 
in their march, and rode up through the body of the 
Church and quire until they came to the altar where 
they begin their work. They rudely pluck down the 
Table and break the rail, and afterwards carrying it 
to an ale-house, they set it on fire, and in that fire 
burned the books of common prayer, and all the 
singing books belonging to the quire. They threw 
down the organ and break the stories of the Old and 
New Testament curiously cut out in carved work, 
beautified with colours, and set round about the tops 
of the stalls of the quire. From hence they turn to 
the monuments of the dead, which they utterly de- 

1 Mercurius Auiicus, Sept. 16, 1644. 



Winchester. 



39 



molish ; others they deface. Bishop Fox his Chapel 
they utterly deface; they break all the glass win- 
dows; they demolish the monuments of Cardinal 
Beaufort, they deface the monument of William of 
Wainflete. From hence they go into Queen Mary's 
Chapel, so called because in it she was married to 
King Philip of Spain ; here they brake the Communion- 
table in pieces, and the velvet chair whereon she sat. 
On the north side of the quire they threw down the 
chests wherein were deposited the bones of the 
bishops ; the like they did with the bones of William 
Rufus, of Emma, Hardicanute, and Edward, to 
scatter over the pavement of the Church. Those 
windows which they could not reach with their 
swords, muskets, or rests, they broke to pieces by 
throwing at them the bones of kings, queens, bishops, 
confessors, and saints, so that the spoil done will 
not be repaired for a 100QZ. They seize upon all the 
Communion plate, the Bibles and service books, with 
hangings, large cushions of velvet, all the pulpit 
clothes, some whereof were of cloth of silver, some 
of cloth of gold. They break up the muniment 
house and take away the common seal of the church 
and a fair piece of gilt plate, they tear the evidences 
of their lands and cancel their charter. The troopers, 
because they were most conspicuous, ride through 
the streets in surplesses, with such hoods and 
tippets as they found, carrying common prayer books 
in one hand and some broken organ-pipes, together 
with mangled pieces of carved work.' 1 

At Winchester College it was long the custom to 

1 Merc. Rust. iii. 



4-0 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

remind each scholar who subscribed to the Statutes 
of the chivalric loyalty of Col. Fiennes and Mr. Love, 
who with drawn swords on this occasion preserved 
the tomb of William of Wykeham. 

At Durham, in 1650, the Cathedral was made ' a 
prison for the Scots, and quite defaced within, for 
there was to the number 4,500, of which most of them 
perished and died there in a very short space, and 
were thrown into holes by great numbers together/ 1 

At Exeter, having the Church in their possession, 
they make 6 it a common jakes, sparing neither the 
altar nor the pulpit. The holy and blessed name of 
Jesus over the Communion-table they expunge as 
superstitious ; the pictures of Moses and Aaron they 
deface ; they tear the books of common prayer to 
pieces and burn them at the altar. They made the 
church their storehouse where they kept their am- 
munition and powder, and planted a court of guard 
to attend it ; the church they defiled with tippling 
and taking tobacco ; they brake and defaced all 
the glass windows, they struck off the heads of all 
the statues on all monuments; they brake down 
the organs, and taking 200 or 300 pipes with 
them, in a most scornful contemptuous manner went 
up and down the street piping with them. The 
members of the church were threatened to have 
their houses plundered and their persons sent on 
shipboard, where they must expect usage as bad as 
at Argier or the gallies.' 2 The Cathedral was divided 
by a wall for the services of the rival sects of In- 



1 Eites, xix. xxviii. ; Hutchinson, ii. 156. 2 Merc. Bust. iv. 



Rochester — Chichester. 



dependents and Presbyterians, the cloisters were 
destroyed, and a cloth mart established in the garth. 

At Rochester the rebels c violated the monuments 
of the dead, broke down the altar rails, seized on the 
velvet covering of the Holy Table, which they 
removed into the lower part of the church ; and one 
of them discharged a pistol or carbine at one of 
the residentiaries who endeavoured to restrain their 
fury. 5 

At Chichester, on Holy Innocents' Day, 1642, they 
6 plundered the Cathedral, seized upon the vestments 
and ornaments of the church, together with the 
consecrated plate serving for the altar ; they left not 
so much as a cushion for the pulpit, nor a chalice for 
the Blessed Sacraments ; the common soldiers brake 
down the organs, and dashing the pipes with their 
pole-axes, scoffingly said, Hark how the organs go. 
They brake the rail, which was done with that fury 
that the Table itself escaped not their madness. 
They forced open all the locks, whether of doors or 
desks, wherein the singing men laid up their common 
prayer books, their singing books, their gowns and 
surplices ; they rent the books in pieces, and scattered 
the torn leaves all over the church even to the cover- 
ing of the pavement ; the gowns and surplesses they 
reserved to secular uses. In the south cross ile the 
history of the church's foundation, the pictures of 
the Kings of England, and the pictures of the 
Bishops of Selsey and Chichester, begun by Robert 
Sherborn the 37th Bishop of that see, they defaced 
and mangled with their hands and swords as high as 
they could reach. On the Tuesday following after 



42 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

the sermon, possessed and transported by a baccha- 
nalian fury, they ran np and down the church with 
their swords drawn, defacing the monuments of the 
dead, hacking and hewing the seats and stalls, and 
scraping the painted walls ; Sir William Waller and 
the rest of the commanders standing by as spectators 
and approvers of these barbarous impieties. The 
subdeanery church was then pillaged. About five or 
six days after Sir Arthur Haselrigg demanded the 
keys of the chapter-house, where the remainder of 
the church plate was ; he commanded his servants 
to break down the wainscot round about the room, 
which was quickly done, they having brought crows 
of iron for that purpose. Sir Arthur's tongue was 
not enough to express his joys, for, dancing and 
skipping, he cried out, There boys, hark ! hark, it 
rattles, it rattles ; and, being much importuned by 
some members of that church to leave but a cup for 
administration of the Blessed Sacrament, answer was 
returned by a Scotchman standing by, that they 
should take a wooden dish/ 1 

6 What say our leeches/ asked Bishop Hacket, the 
eloquent defender of Cathedrals before Parliament, 
c to the rotting of horses three years together in 
stalls and pastures ? Nothing ! But observant 
Christians note that it began upon the jades that 
were stabled in the goodly Cathedral of St. Paul's. 52 

On August 26, 1642, 'the troopers fought with 
God Himself in the quire at Canterbury,' so profane 
Culmer opens the account — with the proverbial 



1 Merc. Bust. 139-143, 



2 Plume's Century, 826. 



Canterbury. 



43 



scurrility of a Puritan — of how he spoiled that 
' malignant cathedral.' ' They hewed the altar rails 
all to pieces and threw their altar over and over and 
over down the three altar steps, and left it lying 
with the heels upward ; they slashed some images, 
crucifixes and prick-song books, and one greasy 
service book and a ragged smock ' (too coarse for 
transcription) 6 called a surplice, and began to play 
the tune of the zealous soldier on the organs or 
case of whistles which never were in tune since. 
The soldiers afterwards sang Cathedral prick- song 
as they rode over Barham Downs towards Dover 
with prick-song leaves in their hands, and lighted 
their tobacco pipes with them/ On December 13 
a worse destruction befel the Cathedral : the brutal 
narrator sneers at the touching pleading of one of the 
brave prebendaries and his equally courageous wife ; 
windows and statues were broken in pieces. 'A 
minister with a whole pike rattling down proud 
Becket's glassy bones/ some of the bystanders wish- 
ing that he might break his neck ; crosses on the 
steeples ; the goodly painted glass, c for which many 
thousand pounds had been offered by outlandish 
Papists ; 5 the superb figure of St. Michael holding 
a cross of brass over the south door under Bell 
Harry steeple, dragged down by one hundred men 
with a rope ; an image of our Lord at the gate 
riddled with musket shots ; 6 the glorious glory 
cloth, the golden tabernacle work, the costly copes, 
basins, and candlesticks and rich hangings 5 were 
involved in one ruin as idols, with every mark of 
insult and coarse profanity, as 6 a blessed work of 



44 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

reformation/ 1 6 The windows were greatly battered 
and broken down ; the whole roof, with that of the 
steeples, the chapter-house, and cloister, extremely 
impaired and rained both in timber work and lead ; 
water-pipes, pipes, and much other lead cut off ; the 
choir stripped and robbed of her fair and goodly 
hangings ; the organ and organ-loft, Communion 
table, and the best and chiefest of her furniture, 
with the rail before it and the screen of tabernacle 
work richly overlaid with gold behind it; goodly 
monuments shamefully abused, defaced, and rifled 
of brasses, iron grates and bars.' 2 They 6 threw the 
altar over and over down the three altar steps, and 
left it lying with the heels upward ; ' the newly- 
erected font w T as pulled down, and brasses torn off 
from the ancient monuments, and whatsover there 
was of beauty or decency in the holy place wa$ 
despoiled. The horrible language employed by 
these marauders who also destroyed the arras hang- 
ing in the choir representing the whole story 
of Christ — which they stabbed, with imprecations 
too revolting to repeat here — broke down the eagle, 
and strewed the pavement with the leaves of the 
service books, may be read in ' Mercurius Rusticus/ 
p. 119, in a letter written by the Subdean to Lord 
Holland. The like abominations in 1642 at West- 
minster included the hunting the hare through the 
aisles, the smoking and drinking, the mutilation of 
monuments, the hewing down of carved work and 
the trampling of ancient glass under the jackboots 
of the godless troopers. 

1 Culmer's Cathedral News, 19-24. 2 Prof. Willis, Arch. Hist. 103. 



Norwich. 



45 



At Norwich, ' a plundering commission, relying on 
the support of their soldiers, defaced monuments, 
broke windows, filed bells, dashed in pieces carved 
works, and reaved the brasses off the stones, the 
Cathedral affording them above a hundred ; thereby 
defacing the memory of the ancestors of many of 
the most ancient and worshipful families in the 
county (including the effigies of two bishops and the 
chapel of the Hobarts), pulling down the pulpit in 
the Green yard. What clattering of glasses, what 
beating down of w^alls, what wresting out of irons 
and brass from the windows and graves, what defac- 
ing of arms, what demolishing of curious stonework, 
what pilfering of the destroyed organ pipes ; vest- 
ments, both copes and surplices, together with the 
leaden cross which had been newly sawn down from 
over the Green yard pulpit, and the singing books and 
service books were carried to the fire in the public 
market-place ; a lewd wretch walking before the 
train in his cope trailing in the dirt, with a service 
book in his hand, imitating in an impious scorn the 
tune, and usurping the words of the Litany. The 
Cathedral was filled with musketeers, drinking and 
tobacconing as freely as if it had turned ale-house. 
Superstitious pictures were also burned in the market- 
place, and the seals of the court fixed where the altar 
stood/ 1 The total destruction of Gloucester in 1657 
was only narrowly prevented ; the tackle having 
been put about the tower and Lady Chapel for their 
demolition. At Carlisle the marks of the bullets 
fired by the idle soldiers in 1646, for amusement, are 

1 Blomefield's Norfolk, iii. 389-90. 



4.6 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

still visible. 1 Prince Charles's garrison was disarmed 
before confined here in 1745. 

DANGERS FROM MOBS THE BRAVE BISHOP AND VERGER 

OP BRISTOL. 

At Wells, July 1, 1685, the Duke of Monmouth's 
Protestant followers tore the lead from the roof of 
the Cathedral to make bullets, but wantonly defaced 
the ornaments of the building. Grey, Lord of Wark- 
worth, with difficulty preserved the altar from the 
insults of some ruffians who wished to carouse round 
it, by taking his stand before it with his sword 
drawn. 2 

In the middle of August, 1683, when the Duke of 
Monmouth came to Chester, the mob forced the 
doors of the Cathedral, destroyed most of the painted 
glass, burst open the vestries, rent the surpliqes and 
hoods to rags, and carried them away ; beat to 
pieces the font, pulled down the ornaments, injured 
the organ, and committed other enormous outrages. 3 

On Dec. 23, 1810, at midnight, the vestry of St. 
Paul's was robbed of its valuable altar plate, includ- 
ing four large silver-gilt candlesticks; the robbers 
were never discovered. At Worcester and West- 
minster sacrilegious thieves were flayed, and strips 
of their skin have been found upon doors. 

Two fires at York, one on Feb. 2, 1829, the work 
of Martin the incendiary, and a second, the result of 
a plumber's carelessness, on May 20, 1840, necessi- 
tated a costly restoration of the superb Minster. At 

1 Purday's Carl. 23. 2 Macaulay, i. 602. 3 Hemingway, ii. 242. 



The brave Bishop and Verger of Bristol 47 

Lincoln there was a provision in 1440 that such 
workmen were to be carefully watched as a precau- 
tion against such dangers. The fall of the spire and 
tower of Chichester, on Feb. 21, 1861, dragging down 
the adjacent bays, was repaired at a vast outlay, 
which showed, as in the northern county, that in 
these later days the spirit of love and munificence of 
England is not dead with regard to her ecclesiastical 
buildings. 

The last havoc was made at Bristol, in the dis- 
graceful riots of Oct. 31, 1831, when the chapter 
library was thrown into the Avon or into the fire. 
avvco/jboaau yap irvp kcll OaXaaaa. The sub-sacrist, 
W. Phillips, gallantly withstood the mob with a 
stancheon, saying that the only entrance to the 
Cathedral they should have would be over his dead 
body ; and Bishop Gray, when importuned to escape 
whilst his palace was blazing, replied that death 
could not overtake him in a better place than in 
God's house. 

RAVAGES OF IGNORANCE WREN'S TEARS CORN- 

WALLIS SAVES THE GALILEE — THE MOB OE LINCOLN 

— ELY IN DANGER MRS. COTTON^ BIRDCAGE — MONK 

WINS HIS MITRE. 

The very theory of the ground plan for a church 
had died out when Wren constructed his first mise- 
rable design for a huge preaching house, in which he 
was foiled by the Duke of York. Unhappily he was 
permitted to erect the wooden fabric of a sham dome, 
build a wall in front of the clerestory, and leave a 



48 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 

shallow niche for the altar. The lateral oratories are 
said to have been forced upon him, though he pro- 
tested with tears, by James II., who hoped one day 
to fill them with low altars. 1 The Morning Chapel 
has recently received such an addition for early cele- 
brations. Wren opposed the introduction of a balus- 
trade, saying bitterly that people who were of little 
skill in architecture expected what they had been 
used to in Gothic structures, and 6 ladies think 
nothing without an edging.' 2 According to the 
6 Parentalia,' a labourer by accident having brought 
a fragment of a gravestone with the word Kesurgam 
on it, to mark the centre of the site of the dome, the 
incident was regarded as an omen, and a phoenix with 
this motto now appears on the pediment over the 
southern portico. 3 

The ravages committed at the Reformation and 
during the civil wars were almost equalled by those 
of ignorance and vile taste in that miserable era of 
false doctrine, decadence of ecclesiastical learning, 
and worship of a spurious foreign element in archi- 
tecture, the eighteenth century ; beautifying then 
was as fatal a word as restoration often has proved in 
our own period. In 1764, at Carlisle, the wiseacres 
discovered that the wooden ceiling of the choir was 
in decay, so they 6 stuccoed it in the form of a 
groined vault, which is a great advantage to its 
appearance, 5 says Hutchinson. The ancient bishop's 
throne, the whole of the choir screens, with one 
exception, and the reredos, were removed, and a new 

1 Spence's Anecdotes, Ed. Singer, 256. 

2 Ibid. 257. 3 Knight, 254. 



Ravages of Ignorance. 49 



throne, altar, and other woodwork, after the designs 
of Lord Camelford, were erected at a cost of 1,300L ; 
at a later period the Church of St. Mary in the nave 
was walled off from the rest of the Cathedral in the 
beginning of this century ; modern panelling, and 
walls as high as the capitals of the pillars, blocked 
out the light ; and then, to counteract this wanton 
mutilation, the beautiful quatrefoil parapet of the 
clerestory was removed piecemeal; and, in 1780, two 
houses at the NYE. angle of the Cathedral were 
erected, with a scullery and upholsterer's shop between 
the buttresses. 

At Canterbury, in 1750, the screens of iron which 
had parted off the nave and aisles from the lantern, 
and in 1787 the singular Neville's Chapel, built 
between the buttresses, had been removed; in 1729 a 
Corinthian altar-piece was erected ; and in 1 704 the 
old stalls were removed, and a throne of Corinthian 
design erected by Archbishop Tenison; and about 
this time the organ was removed from the north side 
of the choir to a position over the choir screen. In 
the present century the old Norman west tower was 
destroyed and rebuilt as a facsimile of the Arundel 
steeple, to the too obvious detriment of a distinctive 
feature of the fabric. The beautiful perpendicular 
screen of the Jesus Chapel at Norwich was in exist- 
ence within forty years since ; the ancient clock has 
also disappeared, like the famous horn of Carlisle. 

At Durham, Wyatt plied his chiselling process to 
the western towers, the whole north side of the 
church, and the east end of the Nine Altars, between 
1775 and 5 95. Four inches of masonry were removed 

E 



50 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



from the surface, amounting to full 1,100 tons weight, 
at a cost of 30,000L A Gothic parapet and pinnacles, 
with Italian mouldings on the western towers, four 
great stone pinnacles on the Nine Altars, destruction 
of statues, defacing of buttresses, alterations of the 
front of the transept, and the removal of the room of 
the sanctuary watchers over the north porch, were 
among the atrocities committed by this shameful 
wrecker, who, but for the fierce outcry of John 
Carter, would have taken down the reredos and 
throne to make a screen in the Nine Altars. Atkin- 
son's application of Eoman cement and the chisel 
combined to the grand central tower in 1812, were 
harmless when contrasted with this man's design to 
destroy the Galilee. Conceive what the spire would 
have been which he wished to raise upon the lantern ! 
He had actually stripped the lead off the Galilee, 
designing to make on the site a carriage way for the 
wives of the prebendaries to drive straight to their 
houses, when most opportunely the good Dean 
Cornwallis, who had driven in all haste from Lich- 
field, opportunely interposed. 6 1 saved the Galilee ' 
was his happy thought, often loudly expressed. In 
1799, however, the chapter-house was doomed to 
destruction in order to make ' a comfortable room,' 
the keystones were knocked out, and in their fall 
demolished a superb pavement, rich in gravestones 
and brasses; while the apse, with its side walls, 
forty feet in length, was completely removed, along 
with the old marble chair in which the bishops had 
been installed, under the supersntendence of the 
Cathedral surveyor. 



Ravages of Ignorance. 



At Salisbury the ruinous hand of Sir Christopher 
Wren was felt in the erection of new stalls and a 
screen, which overlaid the early English woodwork, 
and led to the removal of the rood loft. In the time 
of Bishop Hume, a screen, painted in imitation of 
oak, and of an indescribable design, was set up, and 
the iron chapel of the Hungerfords was bodily 
removed into the choir. Bishop Barrington, with 
ill-directed zeal, fostered 6 improvements 5 still 
more disastrous. The Hungerford and Beauchamp 
Chapels, with the remarkable paintings of Death 
and the Gallant in the former, which flanked the 
Lady Chapel, were destroyed, and part of their 
stonework was employed to make an organ screen ; 
and a reredos for the altar, which in contempt for 
precedent and taste was placed at the extreme end of 
the building- in the Lady Chapel, far out of hearing 
and partially of sight, whilst a sort of transparency 
designed by Sir Joshua Eeynolds and worthy of 
the 6 washy virtues 5 of New College, Oxford, rendered 
the vista hideous. Disjointed fragments were em- 
ployed to make a motley patchwork for mutilated 
monuments, which were sent to new positions, and 
in some instances were coolly ranged between the 
pillars of the nave far away from the graves which 
they had covered. The ancient rood-beam, an unique 
remnant of old ornament and devotion, was bar- 
barously removed, as well as the chantry screens in 
the transept and two external porches. The stalls, 
pulpit, and throne suffered under Wyatt's reforming 
hand; the paintings on the vault, of high value, were 
washed out with a stone tint; and the superb de- 



5 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



tached bell-tower., which had been wisely erected to 
save the delicate central steeple from the resonance 
of a large peal, was laid low. 6 Yes, the monster 
has been here/ said poor Pugin, when he tracked 
the ill-doings of Wyatt. In 1834 the muniments of 
Salisbury strewed the floor, a feast for moths and 
spiders, when Peter Hall visited it, until Dean Lear 
remedied the state of things. 

This evil genius of Cathedrals was called in at 
Hereford to effect a farther execution after the fall 
of the western tower. He deliberately rebuilt, with- 
out any necessity, the nave — triforium, and clerestory, 
in his own bastard style; flimsy, poor, and dis- 
cordant with the grand Norman arcade below, 'and 
with the sacrifice of an entire bay, between 1786 and 
1796, at a cost of nearly 20,0002. What we have 
lost may be gathered at a glance, with a drawing of 
the old nave before the eye. In similar evil fashion, 
which would dismay a country mason of ordinary 
skill, two hideous arches with a square pillar were 
erected under each arch of the tower ; and an incon- 
gruous screen blocked up the superb Norman east 
end. The Lady Chapel, neglected and dilapidated, 
w r as a lumber room of bookcases, and its exquisite de- 
tails smothered in thick coats of whitewash. And 
the western alley of the cloister disappeared to make 
room for a brick building, which served as a grammar 
school. 

The ridiculous furniture of the choir of Worcester, 
6 a Greek among Goths/ happily has, lately dis- 
appeared ; but, in 1647, the detached campanile was 
destroyed. 6 Within these few weeks past, January, 



Ravages of Ignorance. 



53 



1 737— 8 5 they have begun to pull down the old Gothic 
chapel belonging to the bishop's palace at Hereford, 
in order to erect a pile in a politer taste for the public 
service/ 1 The chapter-house was also destroyed by 
him. 2 

At Lichfield, Wyatt in 1788 laid open the choir to 
the Lady Chapel, and filled up the lateral arches, which 
had opened to the aisles, with a plain wall. Within 
memory the Early English woodwork of Wells has 
given place to a set of worthless, cold, incongruous 
stone stalls. At Lichfield, a dean being apprehensive 
that the rows of statues on the west front would some 
day fall on his head, employed a chimney sweep boy, 
at great hazard, to pull them down. 

It is time to turn from a painful subject ; our losses 
are irreparable, but at least we have generally got rid 
of pews ; ladies' galleries (which have disappeared at 
Worcester) only remain at Peterborough in their full 
obtrusiveness. It is to be hoped that, with the in- 
congruous stall work and screen, they may very 
speedily be removed. In 1740, the ladies 5 pews at 
York, by order of Dean Osbaldiston, were rebuilt ; 
' the Canons' ladies' pew ' still deforms Durham, and 
at Winchester a motley square of pews still blocks 
up the centre of the choir. At Eipon some of the 
tabernacle work of the stalls was converted into 
gallery fronts and pews. In 1753^ eleven images of 
kings over the west door of Lincoln were pulled down 
in order to put up a foolish incription of the names 
of the subscribers to the new railings. 

At Lincoln, in Browne Willis's plan (1730), the 

1 Defoe, iii.277. 2 Price's Hereford, 136. 



54 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



screens at the east end of the presbytery are still 
shown ; now the only tokens of the site of the chapels 
are the raised altar-steps. The new paying (1791), as 
in other Cathedrals, completely removed the ancient 
gravestones ; but here, although Brasenose College 
would have restored the brass of their founder, 
Bishop Smith, the offer was declined. Other stones 
were removed to the cloisters, which were used as a 
sort of workshop, and were broken and defaced. Mr. 
Essex erected a wretched reredos in place of that 
made up of Palladian panelling. In 1547 the great 
central spire fell, and wrecked the battlements, which 
were replaced after his own design by Essex in 1775, 
who built up a hideous reredos ; he and James also 
erected the incongruous arches at the west end of the 
nave. Peck, in a dedication to his c Desiderata 
Curiosa/ actually in all seriousness complimented 
Bishop Reynolds on his gift of the palace of Lincoln 
as a quarry for the repairs of the Cathedral. In 1808 
the spires were removed from the western towers in 
spite of every argument; and though, in 1726, the 
townsmen had uprisen in a body to resist a similar 
purpose, and were only calmed by a politic pro- 
clamation of the bellman. 1 Those of Durham in 
1665, Eipon in 1664, and other spires of Hereford, 
Rochester, and Ely, have disappeared since the views 
in the c Monasticon ? were engraved. 

At Chichester, in 1735, the most wretched inno- 
vations were effected ; the Lady Chapel converted 
into a library, being provided with places for brooms 
and coals behind the bookcases, and the choir with 

1 History of Lincoln, 70 



Ely in Danger. 



55 



accommodation for ladders, and the like. 1 At 
Gloucester, Fowler, afterwards bishop, actually de- 
stroyed with his own hand some fine glass in 1679, 
and Bishop Benson in 1741 mutilated the interior of 
the Church. 

Altarpieces came into vogue as at Lincoln, 
Worcester, and Winchester, often in place of hang- 
ings of tapestry, which were in the seventeenth cen- 
tury not an uncommon decoration. It was removed 
at York in 1760. 

At Winchester the beautiful ceiling of the chapel 
of the Guardian Angels was broken through into 
large holes for the leaders to the organ not many 
years since. The affectation of vistas introduced by 
Wyatt the Destructive ; restoration so-called, in re- 
casting buildings, scraping of stones, and actual de- 
struction as at Wells and Worcester ; have bared our 
Cathedrals and Closes, so that the old features are 
no longer discernible, and the old arrangements 
lost. 

I shall now add a few notices of Cathedrals in the 
seventeenth century. 'Ely is (1738) in some part 
so ancient that it totters so much with every gust of 
wind, looks so like a decay and seems so near it, that 
whenever it does fall, all that 'tis likely will be 
thought strange in it will be that it did not fall a 
hundred years sooner. 5 2 

At Salisbury ' the painting in the choir is mean, and 
more like the ordinary method of common drawing- 
room or tavern painting than that of a church/ It 
had lately been repaired. 

1 Cole's MS. xl. fo. 141. 2 Defoe's Travels, i. 85. 



56 Traditions and Cttstoms of Cathedrals. 

As many days as in one year there be, 
So many windows in one church we see ; 
' As many marble pillars there appear 
As there are hours throughout the fleeting year ; 
As many gates as moons one year do view, &c. 2 

'Here, at Gloucester/ says Walpole, tf is a mod- 
ernity (1753) which beats all antiquities for curiosity. 
Just by the high altar is a small pew hung with 
green damask, with curtains of the same, a small 
corner cupboard painted, carved, and gilt for birds 
in one corner, and two troughs of a birdcage with 
seeds and water. It belongs to Mrs. Cotton, who, 
having lost a favourite daughter, is convinced her 
soul is transmigrated into a robin redbreast, for 
which reason she passes her life in making an aviary 
of the Cathedral of Gloucester. The Chapter indulge 
this whim, as she contributes abundantly to glaze, 
whitewash, and ornament the church/ 2 Carter used 
to rejoice that Westminster Abbey was one of the 
few churches which had escaped the pollution of 
whitewash. Dr. Monk was one of the first to attempt 
the appropriate style of ornament and furniture in 
Cathedrals ; and a mitre was considered the due 
reward, by the Duke of Wellington, for his zeal shown 
at Peterborough during his decanate. 

The evil days have passed away, worse than those 
of pillage and sacrilege, when sloth and nepotism 
reigned; when Canons carefully pared down their 
residence to the lowest amount ; when Residentiaries 
owed their preferment to the recommendation of 
county magnates, and chapters were a family com- 
pact ; when the residentiary houses were pulled down, 

1 Defoe's Travels, i. 287. 2 Lett, ii. 35. 



The Demon at Worcester. 5 7 



and a solitary house was retained for a Canon in 
residence for three months in a year. Magnificent 
works of renewal or restoration, complete or in pro- 
gress, are signs of the inner life of Cathedrals, which 
has manifested itself in special and more frequent 
services, open and free naves full of worshippers, 
greater devotion in choral song, and a willingness 
to keep pace with the demands of the nineteenth 
century. 

the demon at worcester- — st. wolsto^'s tears — 

accidents to architects losings penance — 

canons begging alms — the fraud of walkelyn 
— lord brooke's wish. 

Cathedrals were, like Rome, not built in a day, 
and even at their commencement their foundations 
were laid with difficulty, for Florence of Worcester 
relates how a horrid Ethiopian demon sat upon a 
stone at Worcester, and defied the exertions of eighty 
men to move it, until St. Oswald dislodged the incum- 
brance by the sign of the Cross. 

St. Wolstan, the bishop, whose pastoral staff fixed 
itself in the solid stone of the Confessor's tomb, 1 
wept when rebuilding the minster, 'for/ said he, 
6 we destroy the works of saints ; their happy age 
required no sumptuous piles, but dedicated itself to 
God under any roof, whilst we, careless of souls, heap 
up stones.' 2 The cradles of Gothic architecture were 
at Lincoln and Canterbury ; at the latter the architect 
fell from a scaffold to remain a cripple for life, as 



1 Stanley, 35. 



2 W. Malm. 283. 



58 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



Basevi from a similar cause met his death, at Ely. 
Whilst at Lincoln, St. Hugh toiled with a hod, 
bringing mortar and stones to the work. 1 Herbert 
Losinga founded Norwich Cathedral in penitence for 
his simoniacal possession of the see. 2 In 1242, the 
monks vaulted the nave of Gloucester with their own 
unaided hands. 3 The see of Carlisle was founded 
owing to the sorrow of Henry I. for the loss of the 
White Ship, and the dear freight which it carried. 4 
Bishop Oliver, in the reign of Henry VII., having been 
at Bath, imagined, says Sir J. Harrington, as he one 
night lay meditating in bed, that he saw angels 
ascending and descending by a ladder, near which 
there was a fair olive tree supporting a crown, and 
heard a voice which said, 6 Let an olive establish the 
Crown, and let a king restore the Church/ In obe- 
dience to this vision, he rebuilt St. Peter's minster 
church, and caused it to be represented on the west 
front, with the motto Be sursum est. The commis- 
sioners offered to sell the church to the townspeople 
for 500 marks, but they refused the offer, which was 
so cheap that the king they thought might believe 
they had cozened him ; glass, iron, bells, and lead 
were sold and sent beyond seas. 5 

At Salisbury the Canons went on a mission to 
collect alms ; and, owing to the contributions levied 
on farmers, the Cathedral was popularly said to be 
built on woolpacks. A license was given by the 
Bishop or Prior of Durham to bear certain relics of 

1 Metr. Life, v. 839. 2 W. Malm. 152. 

3 Chron. Glouc. 29. 4 Tait's Carl. 15. 

5 Fuller's Worthies. 



Fraud of Walkelyn — Lord Brooke s Wish. 59 



St. Cuthbert, in order to collect alms for the fabric. 1 
At St. Asaph, in 1284, the Canons gathered alms, 
carrying a sacred book of the Gospels through the 
adjoining dioceses. 2 In 1442 King Henry VI. remitted 
all taxes due, as the Cathedral had been burned with 
fire by the Welch m 1402. 3 At Lichfield the bells 
rang merry peals when the shrine of St. Chad was 
carried in procession into the city, in order to stimu- 
late the gifts of the devout. Walkelyn of Win- 
chester obtained permission to take as much timber 
from Hanepings as could be cut in four days and 
nights. The bishop set an army of fellers to work, 
and the whole wood was carted away to rebuild the 
Cathedral. Soon after, when William passed by, he ex- 
claimed, 'Do my senses deceive me, or had I not once 
a fair wood here ! 5 and it required a modest artifice 
of the prelate to appease the King's wrath. After 
the civil wars, wood and stone and the alms of the 
faithful were in requisition, when fanatics like Lord 
Brooke assailed Cathedrals. On March 2, St. Chad's 
Day, 1642, he was shot in his left eye by Dumb 
Dyott, from c moated Lichfield's lofty pile,' as he was 
giving orders for the onset upon the close. Ever 
fierce against Cathedrals, he had, two years before, 
as he was passing in a boat upon the Thames, said 
he hoped to live to see St. Paul's with not one stone 
left upon another. 4 

1 III. Script, ccxxiy., ccccxxxyi ; Begin. Dun elm. c. xxxr. 

2 Keg. Peckkam, fo. 208. 3 Edwards, i. 73 ; ii. 116. 

4 Laud's Diary, iii. 241, 249. 



6o Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 



ENTHRONISATION OF A BISHOP. 

The method of receiving a Bishop at his enthroni- 
sation and visitation in a Secular Cathedral is noticed 
in my Memorials of Chichester, p. 59, and in a monastic 
Cathedral, by Green. 1 The monks of Canterbury 
claimed to have the consecration of every Bishop of 
the province solemnised in the metropolitan church ; 
and, when the privilege was disused, to this time the 
Archdeacon of Canterbury, either in person or by 
proxy, enthrones the Suffragans of the province. 2 
When Nigel was received at Ely all the street 
through which he passed was hung with curtains, 
carpets, and tapestry, the monks and clergy meeting 
him in procession ; and within a comparatively recent 
period the bishops of Chichester were met, on their 
return from London, at St. Boche's Hill, by way of 
congratulation that they had escaped dangers from 
bad roads and highwaymen. At Ely on one occasion 
the Bishop removed all the obedientiaries at one 
stroke ; for, as at Rochester, he had the appointment 
of the principal officers of the Convent. 

INSTALLATIONS — CHOICE OP CHAPTERS — ANTIPHONS 
AND ORDER OP STALLS — WEEKLY AND GREAT 
CHAPTERS — A RESIDENTIARY DINNER. 

The Dean of York at his installation was invested 
with a gold ring, 3 and was required to feed ten 

1 Hist, of Worcester, ii., App. ix. xxxiv. v. ; Somner, App. 441. 

2 Ang. Sac. i. 632 ; Somner's Canterb. App. 323. 3 Drake, 557. 



Antiphons and Order of Stalls. 61 

persons daily. 1 It was the custom of the Canons 
Residentiary ' to convene on the Vigil of All Saints 
before 9 a.m. in the Church, and there invite such 
as they thought good to dine with them during all 
the double festivals which should happen in that 
year's summer residency.' 2 It was the privilege of 
the Dean to ' see 9 when a residentiaryship was 
vacant, and the first prebendary who caught his eye 
succeeded. The last Dean who was elected by a 
chapter was Dr. Lowe of Exeter, and the bishop, 
and not the dean and chapter, now has the right of 
appointment to the residentiaryships in the Old 
Foundations. The last election of a residentiary by 
a chapter was at Chichester. At Hereford, ab- 
sence upon a pilgrimage was allowed to reckon as 
residence. 

The Antiphon of each Psalm, as the Psalter was 
divided among the chapter to be said daily, is 
inscribed on the stalls of the canons at Lincoln and 
St. Paul's ; in the latter Cathedral when a canon 
was promoted to a dignity the Dean led him to his 
new stall, and, said 6 Friend, go up higher.' As at 
Lincoln, when a major who had no prebend annexed 
to his dignity was first installed in a prebend, and 
then was thus addressed. In the New Foundations, 
except at Bristol, Durham, and Carlisle, the dean 
and residentiary sit on either side of the choir at 
the west end. 

At Lichfield the hebdomadary chapter on Friday, 
as at Exeter now on Saturday, and at Salisbury the 
Pentecostal Meeting of Great Chapter, was held 

1 Ibid., 558. 2 Ibid., 569. 



62 Traditions and Ctistoms of Cathedrals. 

in the present century. At Lincoln, every Saturday 
the provost of vicars in chapter reported all offences 
committed in choir. The doors were guarded by a 
verger. 

The Great Chapter seldom is assembled now, ex- 
cept for the election of a Bishop. In 1634 a captain, 
lieutenant, and auncient of the Norwich Company 
visited Durham, and were entertained by the Dean, 
along with 6 doctors, prebends, and citizens of both 
sexes and of both kinds — spiritual and layitie. 3 
6 Good dishes and company were of both choice and 
plenty ? at 6 the Resident dinner. 5 6 A fter halfe an 
houre's sitting there came a young scholler and read 
a chapter, during which all discourse ceased. No 
sooner was itt ended but the grave master of the 
house begins a cup of wine to all his guests with 
a hearty welcome which his gentile servitors were 
careful to see every man pledge to wash down the 
fat venison, sweet salmon, and other great cheere 
this large and sumptuous table w r as furnished with. 
Thus we spent an hour. 5 6 A residence dinner/ says 
Mr. Ornsby, in 1846, 6 still presents an appearance 
very similar in many respects to that which it did 
two hundred years ago. The host still presides in 
his canonical habit of cassock and gown, and the 
young scholar still comes in at a certain time to 
read a portion of the Psalter, after which the resi- 
dentiary addresses him with " Tu autem," to which 
he responds, " Domine, miserere nostri," a remnant 
of the old Office of the Benedictio mensse, in which 
it occurs. The poculum charitatis then makes its 



Common Table — Vicars' College. 63 



round. 5 1 At Christchurch, Oxford, when the dean 
and chapter dine in hall, a single verse is recited in 
Greek from the 1st chapter of St. John's Gospel, 
and then the dean interposes, saying, 6 Tu autem. 5 

THE COMMON TABLE — THE VICARS* COLLEGE OF- 
FENDING VICARS VICARS IN THE MILITIA — CARDI- 
NALS AND MINOR CANONS — WASSAILING — THE PR^E- 

CULAR — THE FIGHTING GREEN THE CLOISTERS — 

RAMSAY AND THE DEMONS — THE CARNARY. 

The Vicars' Common Table continued to exist at 
Hereford until 1828 : in the Cathedrals of the New 
Foundation it lasted, under the chairmanship of the 
Minor Canon-prsecentor, until the Civil Wars, but at 
Worcester fell into disuse in 1560. At Hereford, 
De Foe says, 6 next to the Cathedral is the College, 
which still retains its foundation laws, and where the 
residentiaries are still obliged to celibacy/ 2 

Grindal at Tork ordered Vicars ' unmarried to be 
in commons together in their common hall within 
Bedern, except those which give attendance of the 
Canons residentiaries. 5 They were 6 daily by course 
to read after dinner one chapter of the Evangelists, 
and after supper one of the Acts of the Apostles or 
St. Paul's Epistles. 53 

The Vicars of Exeter who did not pay due reverence 
to the Dean were to stand in the nave before the 
Rood over the choir door at all the Hours for a day 
and a night. 4 All banquetings and drinking in the 

1 Sketches of Durham, 132. 2 Travels, iii. 267. 

3 Works, 149. 4 Archseol. xviii. 410. 



64 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

choir were forbidden in 1358 ; none, Canon, or Vicar, 
were to walk about the church except in their habits ; 
and clogs, no doubt a pleasant preservative against 
cold feet in walking over the pavements strewed with 
rushes, hay, or ivy leaves, were peremptorily pro- 
scribed, possibly on account of its noise. 

At Lincoln, 1440, Canons, unless infirm, were not 
to enter the choir using sticks ; and the Vicars who 
had been in the practice of running and dancing about 
in leaving the choir, were ordered to bow to the 
altar at every ingress and recess, and walk orderly. 
They were forbidden to enter a tavern, or walk alone 
in the city. At York it was found necessary to en- 
join silence on the Sacrists in the vestibule, the part 
adjoining the choir. In 1583, murmuring when a 
person came late into choir was forbidden at Here- 
ford. In 1599, Whitgift protested strongly against 
mustering with the militia the singing-men occupied 
in the daily service of God. 1 At St. Paul's two of 
the Minor Canons were called 6 Cardinals of the Choir/ 
and at Canterbury we find an Archbishop celebrant 
in 1294 attended by three Deacons and three Sub- 
Deacons, Cardinals. 2 The only Minor Canons of the 
Old Foundation, those of St. Paul's and Hereford, 
had the privilege of celebrating at the high altar, as 
representatives of the capitulars. 

In Har wood's time the choristers at Christmas 
went wassailing, calling at the houses of the towns- 
people, with a cup for a collection of money or drink. 3 
At Chichester, till recently, the choristers went about 
singing at this time, and asked for money. At Lin- 

1 Strype's Whitgift, ii. 245. 2 Somner, App. 441. 8 P. 284. 



The Prceculars — The Fighting Green. 65 

coin and Salisbury, where the original house remains, 
the choristers were lodged in the Close under the 
charge of a residentiary, and in the Old Founda- 
tions were mainly under the direction of the prse- 
centors and chancellors. In some Cathedrals, as at 
Chester, Winchester, Gloucester, Wells, and Canter- 
bury, they wear cornered caps, which at Norwich 
and Ely have red tassels, such as the grammar boys 
of the Cathedral school, including the choristers, at 
Peterborough wear ; about twenty years since they 
discontinued the "use of bands. Singing men and 
choristers wore gowns under their surplices at Dur- 
ham. 1 

At Chichester the verger who has charge of the 
cloister is called the Prsecular ; his other names 
formerly were Lord Eobert (Bp. Sherborne) Bedeman 
or Orator, the word precula used in the Exeter 
Statutes meaning a set of beads. His duty was to take 
' charge of the paradise and cloisters, and celebrate 
mass at the four altars in the choir ; in the seven- 
teenth century he purged the churchyard of hogs and 
dogs and lewd persons that play or do worse therein, 
and scourge out of the cloister all ungracious boys with 
their tops, or at least present them to the old man of 
the vestry.' At Westminster within recollection the 
College boys made the garth, so beautifully described 
by Washington Irving, their 6 fighting green ; 5 Addi- 
son complains of the noise of their games of football, 
where Eamsay had plied his divining rod, and was 
terrified by a storm raised by the 6 demons 5 who 
guarded the hidden treasure. At Gloucester, when 

3 Granville's Lett. ii. 161. 
F 



66 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



the Parliament met in 1378, and made the whole 
place look like a fair, the ball playing and wrestling 
matches utterly bared the grass-plot in the cloisters. 1 
At St. David's and Durham the dog-whipper is a sta- 
tutable servant. At Durham in 1632, dogs ran into the 
choir and disturbed the service. 2 The Bedesmen 
in the New Foundations wear a red Tudor rose on the 
right side of their gown. The six junior choristers 
at Lincoln are still called, from their founder, the Bur- 
ghersh Chanters. Bishop Sherborne, at Chichester, 
required that his four lay clerks should wear sur- 
plices, with his initials worked on the breast and back, 
in silken thread black and gold. 

In speaking of the Cloisters, I should mention that 
at Chichester the garth is called the Paradise, and 
at Chester the Sprice; at Hereford, the Cloister- 
garth bears the name of Our Lady Arbour ; 3 and it 
may be observed, that it resembles the term Maid 
Arbour at Durham, 4 and the Maiden Alley, the 
Slype, at Chester. In the Cloister of Chichester the 
first theological prebendaries gave their lectures. 
At Norwich, Worcester, and Winchester a Carnary 
received the bones dug up in course of successive in- 
terments. The Cathedrals of the Old Foundations had 
only three sides to the cloister, for in monasteries the 
fourth alley next the church was used by the readers. 

1 Chron. Glouc. 53. 2 Granville's Lett. ii. 163. 

8 Havergal, 32. 4 III Script. Dunelm. 156. 



Ancient Rites — Watchers Door — Sanctuary, 67 



ANCIENT RITES — THE WATCHERS' DOOR — SANCTUARY. 

With the pageants and pomps of other times I must 
deal, without lingering on their details. The Eites 
of Durham are full of solemn processions, the daily 
one with its crystal cross, and that on Easter Day so 
gorgeous and full of joy. On Good Friday, while 
the Passion was sung, the Crucifix was laid at the 
lowest altar step on a velvet cushion, and the whole 
Convent crept upon their knees to it. And then they 
laid it up on the Sepulchre, not a tomblike per- 
manent structure, as at Norwich or Lincoln, but a 
fabric made on the north side of the choir near the 
altar, along with the Holy Sacrament, which they 
censed and left with two tapers burning before it till 
the dawn of Easter, about 4 o'clock in the morning ; 
and then they carried a monstrance having the figure 
of Our Lord to the altar, while the choir chanted 
the anthem Christus resurgens. It was then taken 
by two monks down to the south choir door, where 
four ancient gentlemen of the prior's household held 
up a purple canopy over it, making the round of the 
church, the whole choir following with goodly torches 
and great store of lights, singing, rejoicing, and 
praising God, till they came to the high altar again, 
where it remained till Ascension Day. On Thursday 
after Trinity Sunday the Corpus Christi shrine was 
carried with crosses and St. Cuthbert's banner by the 
Prior, Convent, and choir, in their best copes into the 
choir, where Te Denxn was sung with the organs, and 
all the banners of the city-crafts followed round St. 

F 2 



68 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 

Cuthbert's shrine with burning torches. On Maundy 
Thursday the Prior washed the feet of thirteen poor 
men in the cloister at 9 o^clock, and the monks 
the feet of children. From Maundy Thursday till 
Wednesday after Ascension Day the great Paschal 
Candle, so tall that it was lighted from the roof, 
burned, with its seven tall tapers, in the choir. 

A vivid picture is given of the daily occupation : 
the Sacristan in the early morning opening the aum- 
bries in readiness for the celebration of masses ; the 
high officers going to their chambers, the monks one 
by one leaving their little trellised cells in the dor- 
mitory with a study under each window? and the 
twelve cressets at either end of the room lighting 
them down to the midnight matins : the cloister, 
with its sumptuous windows, its northern alley divi- 
ded into separate carols where each monk studied 
after dinner, taking his book from the aumbry in the 
wall ; the western alley filled with a school of novices 
both forenoon and afternoon ; the south alley wdth its 
towel- aumbry and the marble laver in the centre of 
the garth where they washed before going into re- 
fectory. There are the tables laid out on some high 
festival (for on other days the smaller room called 
the Loft is in use) with its snowy table-cloths, its 
bright salts and silver-edged mazers before each 
monk ; the Novice reading in Latin a portion of the 
Bible from the pulpit during dinner, which was 
brought to a close before noon by the ringing of the 
gilt bell, which hung above the Prior's seat, and the 
passing of the grace cup. Then every day went forth 
the solemn procession, bare-headed, to the 6 cemetery 



Ancient Rites. 



6 9 



garth, 5 to pray among the tombs of the dead 
brethren, until they returned to study in the cloister, 
which they left to sing Evensong at 3 o'clock. 
At 5 supper was served, and afterwards the last 
prayers were said in the chapter ; then the bell 
rang, and, after saying the Salve, all retired to the 
dormitory. 

Over the great north door was a chamber for two 
men, who were there always to receive persons who 
claimed asylum ; and the sound of the great bell of 
the Galilee booming over the city told that some 
fugitive had fled to holy church. At Chichester and 
Norwich traditions of a similar arrangement are 
preserved. 

OPEN AIR PREACHING. 

At Hereford there was a Great Cross in the Minster 
churchyard, and it was only about the year 1791 that 
all persons who died in Hereford were no longer 
buried within it. 1 In London they preached from 
the steps of PauPs Cross, the congregation assembling 
around it, and only adjourning to the shrouds (the 
crypt) when the weather was unfavourable. 2 Some- 
times a guard of soldiers protected the pulpit in the 
reign of Elizabeth. From his attendance here as a 
preacher, Richard Hooker dated the miseries of his 
married life. Sir Thomas Browne says of Norwich, 
'Before the late times the Combination Sermons 
were preached in the summertime at the Cross in 
the Green Yard, where there was a good accommo- 

1 Price, 142-144. 2 Blimt's Hist, of Eeform. 179, 257. 



jo Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

elation for the auditors. The mayor, aldermen, with 
their wives and officers, had a well-contrived place 
built against the wall of the Bishop's palace, covered 
with lead, so that they were not offended by rain. 
Upon the north side of the church places were built 
gallery-wise, one above another, where the Dean, 
Prebends, and their wives, gentlemen, and the 
better sort, very well heard the sermon; the rest 
either stood or sat in the green, upon long forms 
provided for them, paying a penny or halfpenny 
apiece as they did at St. Paul's Cross in London. 
The Bishop and Chancellor heard the sermons at the 
windows of the Bishop's palace. The pulpit had a 
large covering of lead over it, and a Cross upon it, 
and there were eight or ten stairs of stone about it, 
upon which the hospital boys and others stood. The 
preacher had his face to the south, and there was a 
painted board of a foot and a half broad and about a 
yard and a half long hanging over his head before, 
upon which was painted the names of the benefactors 
towards the Combination sermon.' Lestrange (before 
1641) says, that on high festivals the Bishop or Dean 
preached at Norwich in their scarlet gowns. 1 

At Lincoln, Canterbury, and Rochester the Watch- 
ers' door and chamber are still remembered by 
name, which were used by men who patrolled the 
church at night to see that all was safe from robbers 
and fire. At Worcester, Oxford, and Lichfield, 
the gallery used for this purpose still remain. At 
Canterbury, in times of danger, bandogs were loosed 



1 Anec. and Trad. Camd. Soc. y. 21. 



Parish Church — Use of Triforium. 71 

to guard the shrine, which was more costly than the 
treasures of kings. 1 

PARISH CHURCH — USE OF TRIFORIUM — THE DRAGON 
HEAD OF YORK. 

Norwich, Ripon, Manchester, Hereford and Ches- 
ter still contain, and Carlisle till recently included, a 
parish church. Lichfield, Exeter, and St. Paul's 
also have a second altar. At Salisbury marriages 
within the last half century have been solemnized 
in one there, and that of St. Peter's was removed 
from Chichester, as in still earlier times was the 
case at Lincoln. At St. Paul's, the parish church of 
St. Faith, after 1256, was in the crypt. At York the 
triforium has a stone rail, and at Chichester these 
galleries were used at the re-opening of the Cathe- 
dral, and at Norwich at Bishop Stanley's funeral, and 
are still used, for congregational purposes, at the 
nave services at Westminster Abbey. At York, pro- 
bably in allusion to Ps. lxxiv. 13, a dragon's head, 
still remaining, supported the font cover, and fronts 
a statue of the Christian Warrior. 

ANCIENT NAME OF THE CLOSE. 

I may, by the way, mention that old names still 
cling about the Closes of the monastic Cathedrals, as 
the Precincts at Norwich, Eochester^ Peterborough, 

L For further information with regard to the internal furniture and 
arrangement, and the plan of the Close and adjacent buildings, I must 
refer to my 'Interior and Precincts of a Gothic Minster.' [Masters.] 



J 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

and Canterbury ; at Carlisle, the Abbey ; at Durham, 
Gloucester, Ely, Bristol, and Worcester, the College ; 
at Chester, the Abbey Square, and at Westminster 
the Cloisters ; whilst at Wells, Cathedral Green ; at 
Chichester, Canon Lane ; at Exeter, Cathedral Yard ; 
and at Lincoln and York, Minster Yard, preserve 
the old names, as Deanery and Subdeanery, the 
Precentoryat Lincoln, and the Chantry and Treasury 
at Chichester denote the old residence of the digni- 
taries. The Choristers' House remains at Lincoln. 
In the close of St. Paul's, on one festival of the 
patron saint, Henry II. fed fifteen thousand people. 
Exhibitions also took place; at Durham a rope- 
dancer performed on a cord stretched between the 
towers, but fell and broke his neck. 1 

NOTICES ON DOORS LOTTERIES, AND PENANCES 

THORNS PLACED BEFORE DOORS — PARDON DOORS — 
DR. LAKE'S ESCAPE. 

In 1395, the Lollards fixed their heretical conclu- 
sions on the doors of St. Paul's and Westminster, 
with various insolent verses. 2 The first lottery drawn 
in England was held at St. Paul's door in 1569 ; and 
others were drawn there in 1586 and 1612. Bishop 
Ralph at Chichester, the partisan of St. Anselm, 
when Henry II. levied a tax upon priests, ordered 
the cessation of Divine service, with the exception of 
that in the choir, and directed the doors of the Cathe- 
dral to be barred with thorns. 3 At the west door of 



1 Ormsby, 14. 2 Trokelowe, 174, 182. 3 W. Malm. 206. 



Pardon Doors. 



his minster, Archbishop Sewal, of York, sat on 
Maundy Thursday to reconcile penitents, and those 
who were obdurate were bound to the pillars and 
publicly whipped; and Bishop Kirkham scourged 
one of the noblest barons in England at the door of 
Durham, according to the Chronicle of Lanereost. 
In 1250, the Dean of St. Paul's closed the doors 
against Archbishop Boniface, under whose robes a 
breastplate ominously glittered. The great doors of 
a Cathedral are only opened for the reception of a 
Sovereign or a Bishop. At York, on Shrpve Tuesday , 
the doors of York were thrown open all day, and all 
the apprentices, servants, and journeymen, streamed 
in to ring the Pancake bell, with such gross excesses 
that the attempt of Dr. Lake to stop the scandal 
nearly cost him his life. Bishop Hacket, on the doors 
of Lichfield, wrote up a Latin verse forbidding can- 
didates for holy orders wearing long hair. There 
were Pardon doors at St. Paul's and Chichester, for 
the sale of Indulgences. 

PROCESSIONS: CANTERBURY, NORWICH, CHICHESTER, 
YORK, LINCOLN, PROCESSIONS — NO PROCESSIONS — 
NO CHOIR, TAPESTRY HANGINGS ON SUCH OCCA- 
SIONS — PRAYERS IN VESTRY ORDER OF PROCESSION 

ANCIENT PROCESSIONS THE FRAY AT CHICHESTER 

— SINGING WOMEN — THE DANCING ROUNDHEADS — 
THE PROCESSION OF FLAGELLANTS. 

Parker, the last primate who wore the fur almuce 
as 6 a collar of sables 3 at his consecration, was a man 
intimately versed in the traditions of the Church, 



74 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



and directed in 1570 that ' all they of the choir with 
the whole foundation, after service done by 8 a.m., 
should stand in the body of the church, on either side 
of the middle aisle, in due order/ and so 6 until the 
repairing of the nave in 1788, there were at Canter- 
bury two parallel lines cut in the pavement, about 
eight feet asunder, to show what room should be kept 
clear for processions/ 1 At Norwich the rings re- 
main on the pillars towards the aisle for the ropes, 
which were used with a similar design. Mr. Valen- 
tine remembered at Chichester a line of processional 
stones in the nave ; and at Lincoln, until 1790, two 
rows of circular stones remained. 

In 1536, when Henry VIII. and his queen of the 
time visited the Minster, the Bishop of Lincoln, with 
the whole quire and cross, were ready, and stood in 
the Minster along on both sides, the body of the 
church giving attendance when his grace alighted at 
the west end. 2 The socket for the processional cross 
still remains near the central pillar of the Chapter- 
house. These circles were destroyed in 1736, at 
York ; they may be seen marked in old ground-plans 
of the Minster, and are thus described : ' A number 
of circles, which ranged from the west end up the 
middle isle, on each side and in the centre. They 
were about forty-four on a side, about two feet in 
diameter, and as much in distance from one another. 
Those in the midst were fewer in number, larger, and 
exactly fronted the entrance of the great west door, 
that circle nearest the entrance being the largest of 
all. We take all these to have been drawn out for 

1 Gostling, 180. 2 Brooke's Lincoln, 11. 



No Choirs — Tapestry Hangings. 75 



the ecclesiastics and dignitaries of the church to 
stand in, habited according to their proper distinc- 
tions, to receive an Archbishop for installation, or on 
any other solemn occasion. The Dean and other 
great dignitaries, we presume, possessed the middle 
space, whilst the prebendaries, vicars, sacrists, priests 
at altars belonging to the church, ranged on either 
side, and all together, when clad in their proper copes 
and vestments, must have made a glorious appearance, 
from whence we take this isle was called the Pro- 
cessional Isle/ 

York presented a strange scene when on the Vigil 
of the Epiphany, 1190, the Dean and certain of the 
chapter refused to receive in procession the Arch- 
bishop, who had come to enquire about the perse- 
cution of the Jews. Vespers had begun, the primate 
and prsecentor ordered the choir to be silent, the Dean 
and treasurer bade them sing ; and the latter ter- 
minated the unseemly dispute by putting out all the 
lights, 2 but the Archbishop retorted by having the 
bells removed and laid into the earth, 3 and putting 
the church under an interdict. 

The hooks for tapestry hangings used on such 
occasions remain in the nave at Winchester. 

Bishop Hacket revived a procession and the 
Litany desk at the reconciliation of Lichfield. In 
several parts of Westminster, where the old pavement 
remains, a line of square stones between the ordinary 
diamond-patterns, may be traced, which once guided 
the progress of the procession. The Queen and Prin- 

1 History of Church of York, 1768, 35. 

2 Hoveden, iii. 31. 3 Bened. Petrib. ii. 108. 



76 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

cesses, in 1803, witnessed the processions of the 
Knights of the Bath from the Dean's gallery in the 
south aisle of Westminster, and as it passed, the 
trumpets sounded and the knights made obeisance. 

The orderly procession on weekdays, juniors going 
first, was commenced at Bristol, and on Sundays at 
Canterbury, where the verger precedes the clergy, and 
not the Dean and Chapter. At Ely and Chichester 
the Dean precedes the Chapter in going to and from 
choir ; and prayers are said previously by the senior 
present in the Choristers 5 Vestry at Chichester ; 
at Durham they are said before service ; and at 
Hereford both before and after by a chorister. At 
Ely there are prayers in the boys' vestry. 

At Bristol the capitular members intervene between 
the lay clerks and choristers ; at St. Paul's they form 
three separate processions, which merge into one 
under the dome. At Durham, and in most cathedrals, 
the choristers and clerks walk two and two, and the 
clergy singly. Theological students at Durham and 
Lichfield close the procession. At Ely exceptionally 
the Bishop walks between the choir and Dean ; and 
ordinarily he is last in the procession. At Canter- 
bury, preceded by his verger, he walks with the Dean. 
At Westminster, at the striking of the clock, the 
members drop in independently. 

At Durham there was a custom of coming to cele- 
bration by the south-east door ; at Chichester the 
clergy go out at this side after it. At Chichester the 
choir gates were closed before the last peal for any 
office, the south door being left open for the ministers 
of the choir by Story's Statutes. 



Ancient Processions — Fray at Chichester. 77 

At St, Paul's the citizens yearly visited the tomb 
of the great bishop, William the Norman, who pro- 
cured their charter from William I. ; and at Wells 
the grave of Bishop Beckington, the benefactor of the 
city, was treated with similar honour. The people 
in every diocese were required to visit the Cathedral 
at Pentecost, to pay their Whitsun farthing, but the 
custom fell into desuetude, though the offering con- 
tinued to be levied. The Cathedral at Chichester is 
still called by the old folks the High Church. 

On June 1, 1291, the processions fought upon 
Trinity Sunday, and owing to the bloodshed, service 
was said in the chapter-house until June 11, when the 
Bishop reconciled the Cathedral of Worcester. 1 At 
York the guilds came in solemn procession, in their 
liveries and with banner, on their anniversaries, to 
service in the Minster. At Lichfield the pilgrims 
w r ere required to cross by the ferry over the Minster- 
pool, and approach the shrine of St. Chad in the 
south choir aisle. At Chichester the parishioners of 
the villages round came to blows when they visited 
St. Eichard's shrine on Whitsun Monday, about pre- 
cedence of access and departure, and Bishop Story 
required them to assemble at 10 a.m., and enter, not 
with long painted rods, with which they had be- 
laboured each other, but with crosses and banners, 
and go through the church decently and in order. 
And so late as 1687, the question was asked by the 
Bishop in Visitation, — 'Is the pious and grateful 
commemoration of the founders, Wilfrid and Richard, 
made in Divine service on set days ?' At that time 

1 Ann. Wigorn. 510. 



78 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



a list of all the benefactors was set up in an open 
place in the Cathedral, and the Feast of the Dedica- 
tion was observed in 1682. 

At Exeter, on St. Peter's Eve, the Canon's tenants 
and the choristers with paper shields of arms went 
in procession. 

Sir T. More says that women sang songs of ribaldry 
in processions in Cathedral churches. 1 The last in- 
decency of such a kind we may hope occurred on the 
following occasion : ' Sabbath Day, about the time of 
morning prayer, we went to the Minster of Worcester, 
when the pipes played and puppets sange so sweetely 
that our soildiers could not forbeare dauncinge in the 
holie quire. Oct. 7, 1642.' 2 

About Michaelmas, 1349, some seven score Flemish 
fanatics, bare from the waist upwards, clad in linen, 
hats, and with red crosses before and behind, scourged 
themselves twice a day in St. Paul's till the blood 
flowed, with a whip of three-knotted cords, and then 
went in procession singing antiphonally. 3 

BOOKS IN NAVES — LINCOLN CATHEDRAL — CHAINED 
BOOKS AT HEREFORD— GONDOMAR'S BID FOE THE 
GLASS OF CANTERBURY — AND INSCRIPTION AT YORK 
— SOUTHEY AT HIS STUDIES. 

An ancient desk and chain, preserved at Lincoln 
in the library, may have been used for the Bible 
which Henry VIII., in 1537, ordered to be placed 
in all churches for the perusal of the common 

1 Tvndal's Works, iii. 125. 2 Arch. xxxv. 332. 

3 Stop's Ann. 246, 



Books in Naves — Chained Books. 79 



people, who came, some to read and some to listen. 
Bale records, in his narrative of Anne Askew's 
examination, how she said, ' As I was in the Minster 
reading upon the Bible the priests resorted unto me 
by two and two/ 1 The sneering Erasmus saw in the 
nave of Canterbury ' some books fixed to the pillars, 
among them the Gospel of Mcodemus. 2 At Hereford 
the books in the library retain their chains. Here, 
in 1798, Southey read the legend of the old woman 
of Berkeley in Matthew of Westminster, which, as it 
was fastened to the top-shelf by a very short chain, 
he was compelled to read standing on a number of 
books piled upon a lectern once used by the librarian. 
For the ancient glass of Canterbury, Gondomar, the 
Spanish ambassador, offered to pay its weight in 
pieces of gold ; and he was probably the traveller 
who set up the inscription in s old Saxon characters 
of gold in the chapter-house of York : " Ut rosa flos 
florum, sic domus ista domorum."' 



A THOROUGHFARE IN CATHEDRALS : CANTERBURY, WIN- 
CHESTER, DURHAM, WORCESTER, SALISBURY, YORK. 

At Winchester there is a slype at the west side of 
the Cathedral, with a Latin motto to this effect, that 
one way led to the choir and the other to market; 
it was opened in 1682, in order to prevent the inde- 
cency of leaving the Cathedral open as a common 
thoroughfare to the Close and College. 3 Archbishop 

1 Brooke's Lincoln, 12 ; Strype's Cranmer, 64, App. 42. 

2 Peregrin. Kelig. ergo; Op. ii. 361. 3 Milner, ii. 132. 



So Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



Parker forbade the Church and Cloister of Canter- 
bury to be a highway or passage for market-folk. 1 

All dignitaries and prebends of York were to be 
daily present at Divine service in their own stalls, 
and not to walk in any part of the Church at that 
time, 1572. 2 

THE CHOIR OF DTTBHAM SCREENED OFF. 

Cuthbert Tonstal ordered the Chapter of Durham 
to set up strong grates, or screens of iron or wood, 
with gates round the choir, as at St. Paul's, London, 
leaving open that part of the church only when Divine 
service was going on ; for fear of dishonest folks steal- 
ing the books and vestments, as there was no enclo- 
sure whatever. 3 At St. Paul's, horses and mules were 
driven across the nave, and Weever gives a fearful 
picture of the profanity in his day. 4 This scandal 
long after continued at Durham ; and at Worcester, 
in 1750, the opening of the slype at the west end 
' removed the indecent annoyance of passengers con- 
veying every kind of burden through the principal 
north entrance across the nave to the cloisters, even 
during the time of Divine service.' 5 At Salisbury, 
Laud, in his Yisitation Articles, enquired whether the 
Church and Close were made a common thorough- 
fare. 6 Bishop Sir Thomas Gooch, early in 1740, sup- 
pressed the indecent thoroughfare through the nave 
and north transept of Norwich. In the Lives of 

1 Strype's Parker, ii. 21, 23. 2 Grrindal's Works, 148. 

3 Script. Dunelm. iii. A pp. cceclvii. 

4 Fun. Mon. 163. See also Strype's London, iii. 169. 
s Chambers' Worcester, 132. 6 Works, v. 461. 



Marvel at Wells — Paul's Walk. 



81 



the Norths it is mentioned that, at York and Dur- 
ham, 'the gentry affected much to walk there, to 
see and be seen. 5 1 The service at Lichfield is stated 
to be fi conducted with more harmony and less huddle 
than in any church, except of late at St. Paul's. 3 2 

MARVEL AT WELLS. 

It is a pity that these idlers had not had a similar 
warning to that recorded by Casaubon, and certi- 
fied by Bishop Andrewes on the authority of Bishop 
Still, that, on a summer's day in 1596, as the people 
were at prayers in the Cathedral of Wells, two or 
three thunder- claps were above measure dreadful, 
so that the whole congregation, affected alike, threw 
themselves on their knees at this terrifying sound. 
The marks of a cross were found to have been im- 
printed on the bodies of those present. 3 Most Cathe- 
drals are now left open and free; a fact in 1857 which 
tjie American author, N. Hawthorne, commented on 
as peculiar to Peterborough. 

paul's walk — to dine with duke Humphrey- 
abuses of the nave. 

The central alley of St. Paul's was called Paul's 
Walk; the fashionable hours being between eleven 
and noon and three and six. 4 Bishop Earle describes 
the sound of tongues and feet as 'a kind of still 
roar or loud whisper; 5 and about midway was the 

1 Comp. Gran. Lett. ii. 163. 2 Lives of the Norths, ii. 144. 

3 M. Casaubon on Credulity and Incredulity, 118. 

4 Osborne's Works, 403. 

Gr 



82 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

Duke of Gloucester's tomb ; and hence loiterers who 
employed their time in pacing the distance between 
the west door and the choir, were said to dine with 
Duke Humphrey. A Club used to assemble at it on 
St. Andrew's Day, in the morning, and afterwards 
dine together as if they were servants in his house- 
hold ; and on May Day the watermen and tankard- 
bearers sprinkled water and strewed herbs upon it 
early in the morning (after the fire, the nave of 
Westminster was occupied by the idlers) ; 6 the south 
alley was for usury and popery, the north for simony 
and the horse fair; in the midst for all kinds of 
bargains, meetings, brawlings, murders, conspiracies ; 
and the font for ordinary payments of money/ 
according to Pilkington. Every serjeant-at-law had 
his pillar to hear clients, where he took notes of his 
client's cause; when in 1552 they were appointed 
6 they went round the choir, and there did their 
homage/ 1 At the serving man's log domestics, like 
Bardolph, stood to be hired ; rufiiers, quacks, ballad- 
mongers, masked women, stale knights, and the Cap- 
tains Bobadil of the period, and noisy craftsmen, 
plied their trade ; drunkards slept on the bench at 
the choir door, and idlers with their hats on walked 
within it. On one of the pillars, Algar's, a preben- 
dary's, foot was carved, and served as the standard 
measure of land. In the east alley was the Si quis 
door for advertisements. From the sight of a fly on 
one of the pillars Bishop Berkeley derived one of his 
finest theological illustrations. In the plague year 
three hundred pallets for the sick were laid in the 
aisles, 

1 Dugd. Orig. Jur. 142; Machyn's Diary, 28, 195. 



Acrobats on Steeples — Singing on Tower. 83 



ACEOBATS ON STEEPLES — G-EOEG-E III.'s REBUKE — 
BANKES AND THE DANCING HOESE. 

' Feom the top of the spire at coronations, or other 
solemn triumphs, some for vain glory used to throw 
themselves down by a rope, and so killed themselves 
vainly to please other men's eyes.' Thus, in 1555, 
f a fellow came slipping upon a cord as an arrow out 
of a bow from Paul's steeple to the ground, and 
lighted with his head forward on a greate sort of 
feather bed,' at the reception of King Philip. In 
1553, a Dutchman stood on the top of the steeple and 
waved a streamer, and kneeled down on the weather- 
cock, he received 16£., but the wind was high and the 
lights would not burn. 1 When a silly fellow did a 
similar foolhardy trick at Salisbury, and demanded a 
fee of George III., the king replied, 6 As the father 
of my people, it is my duty to reward those who save, 
not those who risk, human life.' Bankes and his 
dancing horse 6 Morocco,' which was shod with silver, 
in 1600 ascended to the top of St. Paul's. 2 He 
was afterwards burned to death at Rome as a 
magician ! 

SINGING- ON THE TOWER AT ST. PAUL'S AND DUEHAM. 

'At the battlements of the steeple sundry times 
were used their popish anthems to call upon their 
gods with torch and taper in the evenings.' 3 On St. 
Katharine's Day, 1553, after Evensong, began the 

1 Ellis, Dugd. St. Paul's, 113. 
2 Boswell's Malone's Shakspeare, iv. 299 n. 3 Pilkington, 540-1. 

g 2 



84 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



clioir to go about tlie steeple singing, with lights 
after tlie old custom. 1 Knighton 2 says that the 
monks of Durham remained in the belfry at the 
Battle of Neville's Cross, and that at the close of the 
action their hymns of praise and thanksgiving were 
miraculously heard by the combatants as distinctly 
as if they had been close by them. Tear by year 
ever after they sang Te Deums in the same place ; 
and 6 the custom was observed on the anniversary 
(May Day) till, in the confusion of the seventeenth 
century, it was discontinued, but was revived again 
on the Restoration Day, an occasion of infinite joy 
to the Church ; and an anthem is still sung on the 
top of the great tower on that day by all the choristers 
and singers, facing about to every side of the tower 
progressively, that they may be heard all around.' 3 
One side was afterwards omitted, owing to the fall of 
a chorister. 

SERMONS LECTURES — PULPITS — AFTERNOON AND 

EVENING- SERMONS — DR. SHAWNS FATAL ILL-ADDRESS 
— THE FALL OF THE ROOD TOWER OF LINCOLN IN- 
TERRUPTS THE PREACHER— THE FRIGHT AT OXFORD 

BISHOP AYLMER'S GHASTLY RUSE— NO MORE OF 

THAT POINT, PETER ! — HEYLIN's DREAM. 

At Durham every Sunday a sermon was preached 
in an iron pulpit from 1 to 3 p.m. in the Galilee, and 
the great bell was tolled and rung for one hour before 
to give warning to the town. 4 At Ely the sermon 

1 Cont. Fabyaa's Chron. 712. • 2 Col. 2591. 

8 Camden, iii. 121. * Kites, 33, 40. 



Sermons — L ectu res — Pttlpits. 



35 



was preached under the lantern ; and the throne was 
used by the Bishop at Wells. 

At Winchester, from the time of the Reformation 
until 1573, a sermon in lieu of a mass was given at 
the tomb of William of Wj^keham. With his usual 
self-complacency, on October 25, 1570, Bishop Horne 
ordered the fellows and conducts to attend the Cathe- 
dral to hear the Divinity lecture, and be examined 
therein once a month, and 6 on every Sunday the 
whole society to resort to the Cathedral to hear the 
sermon attentively, without reading of any book/ 1 
' The local statutes of all or the most Cathedral 
churches/ Hacket says, 6 do require lecture sermons 
on the week days ; ' at that time c some one Cathedral 
church had 800 persons and more depending upon 
it/ 2 Divinity lecturers were instituted at Carlisle, 
Durham, Peterborough, Lichfield and Hereford on 
Litany days. 3 The prselector of Hereford and the 
prebendary of Wittering at Chichester still give 
theological lectures ; until 1394 St. Paul's excep- 
tionally had no such foundation. Sermons on Wed- 
nesdays and Fridays during Lent, which had been 
the custom before the Rebellion, were revived after 
the Restoration in some Cathedrals, 4 and in Advent 
at Durham. 

At the Reformation the Chapter-house of Canter- 
bury was fitted up with a pulpit, pews, and gallery, 
with a royal closet dated 1544, to serve as a Sermon 
House, and after service in the choir the congrega- 

1 MSS. Winton Coll. 
2 Life, 51, 56 ; see also Grrmdal's Life, b. i. c. 6. 
3 Whitgift's Life, b. ii. ch. 3, 4. 4 Granville's Lett. ii. 145. 



86 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

tion came to hear the preacher; but the disorder 
which ensued, and the preoccupation of the seats by 
those who would not attend in the church, led to its 
abandonment, and the incongruous furniture was 
taken away a few years since, as Gostling says, in 
1796 (p. 176). In Gostling's time the pulpit was 
moveable, and taken from its usual position to a place 
opposite the throne (p. 255), At Exeter, Oxford., 
Hereford, Bristol, Peterborough, Wells, Worcester, 
Gloucester, and Chichester the sermons were preached 
in the nave. The pulpit in which the Residentiaries 
were required to preach four Latin sermons in the 
Chapter-house still remains in a choir aisle at Here- 
ford ; formerly it was placed in the nave where, as at 
Ely, all the people of the city came to hear the 
sermon on Sunday. At Gloucester, Worcester, and 
Carlisle it was portable, and stood in the centre of 
the choir. 1 

At Saiisburjr, in the time of Bishop Hume, the 
sermon was no longer preached in the nave and, the 
pulpit and seats there being removed, the congre- 
gation retained their places in the choir. At York 
the pulpit used to be brought on preaching days to 
the first ascent between the ladies 5 pews, which had 
been reformed in consequence of the rebuke of 
Charles I. in 1633 ; 2 but in the time of Dean Finch 
was removed to another position. The afternoon 
sermon has been customary at Exeter since the Re- 
storation, and in the nave since 1859 ; it was first of 
late years introduced at Rochester, and is now general. 
At Ripon until 1848 it preceded evening prayer. On 

1 See Plans in B. Willis' Cathedrals. 2 Poole and Hugall, 177. 



A ftemoon and Evening Sermons. 8 7 

Sundays there is a late evening service at Ely, Glou- 
cester and Hereford. At Lincoln, when an indignant 
Canon declaimed against the Bishop, saying, 6 Were I 
silent, the very stones would cry aloud in our behalf,' 
the great rood tower fell and crushed many. 1 At 
Oxford, when Bishop Westphaling was in the pulpit, 
an icicle, formed upon the spire, fell with a crash so 
loud upon the roof, that the congregation fled in 
terror, until reassured by the calm demeanour of the 
preacher. Dr. Shaw, in 1483, in his preconcerted 
surprise, during his sermon at St. Paul's, at the entry 
of the Duke of Gloucester, when he was to call out 
6 Behold, this excellent prince,' was disappointed in 
his stroke of artifice by Richard failing to come at 
the right moment, and he made himself ridiculous by 
having to repeat it. 2 6 It struck him to the heart/ 
says Stow, c and within a few days he consumed and 
withered away.' Bishop Aylmer at St. Paul's used 
to produce a skull from under his gown to stimu- 
late the flagging attention of the congregation. 
A stranger interruption occurred at Westminster, 
when Dean Williams, sitting in the great pew, 
c knocked his staff on the pulpit, saying unto Heylin, 
who was preaching against the Puritans, " No more 
of that point, Peter," and the quiet answer was 
returned, " I have a little more to say, and then I 
have done." On the night before his death, in a 
dream, he heard King Charles saying to him, " Peter, 
I will have you buried under your seat in church, for 
you are rarely seen but there or at your study." ? 3 

1 Matt. Par. 522. 2 Hume, iv. II. 

3 Stanley, 449. 



88 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



SPUR MONET — THE COOK OF "WESTMINSTER. 

Spur money demanded at Hereford, Westminster, 
St. Paul's, and Bristol, 1 can be traced at Peterborough, 
to 1.661, in tlie case of the famous John Ray, 2 and at 
Durham, caused people to avoid service. 3 It was a 
fine for entering the choir with spurs on, as their 
jingling interrupted the service; if, however, the 
youngest chorister being summoned could not repeat 
his gamut, the fine could not be levied. Bishop 
Finch paid eighteen pence as an offender, but the 
Duke of Cumberland pleaded, successfully, that it 
was hard if he could not wear his spurs where they 
had been first buckled on. At the installation of the 
Knights of the Bath, the Cook of Westminster stands 
with a cleaver at the door, threatening to strike off 
tl*e spurs of any unworthy of their honour. He 
receives a fee for his speech. 

THE MAYOR IN CATHEDRALS — THE LORD CHANCELLORS' 
WIGS CAUSE DAMAGE CHURCHING THE JUDGES. 

The Lord Mayor was accustomed to attend Even- 
song at St. Paul's on the Feast of All Saints, Christ- 
mas, Epiphany, and the Purification. 4 

At Norwich, on the guild day of St. George, and 
later on the Tuesday before the eve of St. John, the 
mayor elect went in procession with the corporation 
on horseback, and after 1772 until 1835, in carriages 
to the Cathedral, preceded by the dragon, whifflers, 

1 Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser. xii. 229, 259. 2 Ibid. 1st Ser. 374, 494. 
3 Granville's Lett. ii. 162. 4 Stow's Survey, 637. 



The Mayor in Cathedrals. 89 



swordsmen, musicians, the standards of bine and 
silver, and crimson and gold, the councillors in gowns, 
mace-bearer, the city waits, the marshalmen, and 
the civic authorities, with the sword carried erect. 
The gates of the close were opened at their approach, 
and the corporation proceeding through the nave, 
strewn with sweet scented rushes, was received at 
the choir door by the Dean and Chapter. Rushes 
were used in the choir of Canterbury in 1635. 1 The 
ancient custom of strewing the choir of Bristol with 
sweet smelling herbs is still observed when the mayor 
visits the Cathedral in state. 

At Exeter, in 1549, the insurgents of the W est, 
who wished to restore the Roman ritual, were at 
length repulsed, and the siege of the city was raised ; 
the mayor still attends in state on the anniversary, 
August 6, with the incorporated trades, and his 
chaplain preaches a commemorative sermon. 2 

Bishop Sparrow (1684) says that he found a custom 
at Exeter that the mayor and aldermen, when they 
came from the sermon, were not admitted to the 
prayers of the choir till they went home and pulled 
off their gowns, but this custom was abandoned, on 
condition that the sword-bearer turned down his 
sword at the choir door. 3 On July 16, 1708, it was 
agreed that if Divine service had commenced before 
the arrival of the mayor, the sword should be dropped 
at the choir door, and the cap of maintenance re- 
moved, but at other times the sword might be 
carried erect and the cap worn. On January 30, a 

1 Laud's Works, v. 469. 2 Britton, 53. 
3 Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser. vi. 477. 



90 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

sword, given by Edward IV, to the city, was carried 
before the mayor enveloped in black crape. 1 

At Canterbury, the mayor's desk in the choir had 
gilt iron- work for receiving the sword and mace ; and 
the independence of the Cathedral was acknowledged 
by the Serjeant lowering these civic insignia from his 
shoulder to his arm on entering the precincts. The 
sword was not placed erect, as at St. Paul's. At 
Bristol Bishop Thornborough mortally offended the 
civic functionaries, who seceded in consequence to 
Sto Mary 5 s, Redcliffe, because he pulled down a 
gallery which the mayor had built near the pulpit, 
saying he would not have God's House turned into a 
playhouse. At Chichester the mayor sits in the nave 
close to the choir steps, on a line with the prsecentor's 
stall. On June 6, 1635, he was forbidden to have 
the mace borne before him in the choir. 2 

At Worcester, in 1635, he sat in a stall next the 
Bishop or Archdeacon. 3 At Gloucester, the wives of 
the mayor and aldermen had fixed and standing 
seats. 4 At St. Paul's the churching of the Judges 
takes place on the first Sunday afternoon in Easter 
term. The portrait of Eichard II. was, in 1775, re- 
moved to the Jerusalem Chamber owing to the injury 
it received from the wigs of successive Lord Chan- 
cellors, who sat in a pew below it. 5 

1 Britton, 48. 2 MS. Harl. 2173, fo. 34 b. 

3 Laud's Works, v. 492. 4 Ibid. 480. 
5 Stanley, Mem. 142. 



Boy-Bishop — Chorister Actors. 



9t 



BOY-BISHOP — CHORISTER ACTORS — MASKERS IN CHOIR 
THE MIRACLE PLAT — THE EPIPHANY — THE AS- 
CENSION — CENSERS AT "WHITSUNTIDE ST. PAUL ? S, 

NORWICH — CLOUDS AT LICHFIELD. 

Until recent years the lilliputian effigy of a Bishop 
at Salisbury was believed to be that of a Boy-Bishop, 
whose office may be traced in that Cathedral to the 
year 1319; and at York to 1369, where it was re- 
quired that the chorister should have served well in 
the minster and be of suitable comeliness. By Colet's 
Statutes in 1518, the child-Bishop was yearly to 
preach in St. Paul's ; the curious office may also be 
traced at Exeter ; it began on the eve of Childermas, 
and lasted till the second vespers of the festival* the 
boys taking the parts of the chanters and canons, 
chaplains and cross-bearer, while the residentiaries 
bore the censers, and the vicars the tapers : and the 
dean and canons preceded them in procession, from 
the west door into the choir. In 1378 the choristers 
of St. PauPs formed a dramatic company, and the 
£ children of Powles 5 acted plays even in the time of 
Queen Elizabeth and James I. after Evensong. 1 

At Wells, in 1321, between Christmas and the 
Octave of Innocents, the deacons, sub- deacons, and 
even priest-vicars, represented ludicrous plays, and 
introduced monstrous masks, grimacing even in 
Divine service, and in Whitsun week laymen per- 
formed the same indecencies. 2 In the twelfth cen- 

1 Collier, Hist, of the Stage, i. 17, 137 ; 281 ; iii. 377, 

2 Harl. MS. 1682, 16-21. 



92 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

tury, at Lichfield, the miracle -plays were represented : 
the Shepherds on Christmas Eve, the Resurrection at 
the dawn of Easter, the Miracles on Easter night and 
the next morning, and the Pilgrims (the Disciples 
going to Emmaus) on Easter Monday ; and at York, 
the Three Kings at Epiphany, the Apparition of the 
Star on Christmas Eve, and the Salutation of the 
Shepherds at Bethlehem. At Chichester, on the 
Eeast of Epiphany, an image of the Holy Ghost was 
borne in procession round the whole Cathedral by 
two vicars which was then offered in succession to 
the various members, beginning with the Dean ; and 
the person who accepted it, gave an ornament to the 
church. Grostete at Lincoln, forbade the abominable 
feast of asses on the festival of the Circumcision. 1 

JA Gloucester there are two circular apertures in 
the roof through which the monks drew up with wires 
on Holy Thursday the representation of Our Lord's 
Ascension into heaven. 2 

In a MS. inventory of St. Paul's Cathedral I found 
the following entry : 6 A great large censer all silver 
with many windows and battlements used to cense 
withal in the Pentecost Week in the body of the 
Church of Paul's at the procession time Clviij ounces 
iii quarters.' I at length found the clue to its use in 
a passage of Bishop Pilkington : ' In the midst alley 
was a long censer, reaching from the roof to the 
ground, as though the Holy Ghost came in there 
censing down in likeness of a dove.' Lambarde, in his 
Topographical Dictionary says, c I myself being a 
child once saw in Paul's Church at London at a feast 

1 Brown, Fasc. Ker. exp. ii. 33. 2 Haines' Gloucester, 68. 



Censers at Whitsuntide. 



93 



of Whitsuntide, where the coming down of the Holy 
Ghost was set forth by a white pigeon that was let to 
fly out of a hole that is yet to be seen in the midst of 
the roof of the great aisle, and by a long censer which, 
descending out of the same place almost to the very 
ground, was swung up and down at such a length 
that it reached at one sweep almost to the west gate 
of the church, and with the other to the choir stairs 
of the same, breathing out over the whole church and 
company a most pleasant perfume of such sweet 
things as burned therein.' 

Exactly in the centre of the nave roof of Norwich 
is a circular opening, and the Sacrists' Rolls contain 
an entry for letting a man habited as an angel down 
from the roof with a thurible to cense the rood. 1 In 
1170, at Lichfield, clouds, formed with vast quantities 
of incense, were made to fill the church with perfume, 
and probably, as in some places, had lighted tow mingled 
with them to represent the descent of fiery tongues. 

THE UNBURIED AMBASSADOR — A HEADLESS KING — 

THE HALF-NAKED KNIGHT THE RAGGED REGIMENT 

— < BLOW BARROW DOWN 5 — RENTS PAID ON TOMBS — 
FLOWERS ON DR. DONNE'S GRAVE. 

Huge masses of statuary still block up the aisles of 
Westminster ; cumbrous tombs fill the niches of St. 
Paul's, which would be more appropriately arranged 
along the Thames Embankment, and disfigure many 
other Cathedrals. It was not until 1812 that 'the 
two coffins and chests, which were laid open to the 

1 Harrod's Monasteries, 270. 



94 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 



gaze in the first chapel on the right hand in Henry 
Vllth's Chapel, Westminster, no longer offended 
public decorum ; one, commonly attributed to a 
' Spanish ambassador, was carried back to his native 
land, in company with the remains of the late Duke 
of Albuquerque. 1 Another coffin, of red leather, was 
that of- the Conde de Eonquillo, who died in 1691. 2 

At Westminster, a writer of the time of James I. 
informs us that 6 about the latter end of Henry VIII. 
the head of Henry V/s image being of massive silver 
was broken off and conveyed clean away with the 
plates of silver and gilt that covered his body/ 3 The 
effigy of Sir John Stanley at Lichfield is naked 
to the waist and holds a scroll of confession, as it 
was upon the condition that he, having been excom- 
municated, should be thus represented that the figure 
was admitted. At Westminster the waxen ' mensurse/ 
or effigies of great personages, were exhibited at 2d. 
per head as the ' Ragged Regiment,' or 6 Play of the 
dead Volks' (till 1839), upon all holydays, Sundays 
excepted, between the Sermon and Evening Prayers ; 
and on one occasion, when Dr. Barrow was preaching 
one of his interminable sermons 6 the crowd began to 
be impatient, and caused the organ to be struck up 
against him, and would not give over till they had 
bio wed him down. 54 When Lord Nelson's funeral car 
was exhibited at St* Paul's, the rival attraction drew 
away the sightseers from Westminster. 

The Chapter of Norwich formerly received their 
rents on the tomb of Chancellor Spencer, and the 

1 Gent. Mag. lxxxii. ii. 338. 2 Hutton's New View, ii. 514. 
3 Howe's Chron. 262-3. " 4 Popes Life of Seth Ward, 447. 



Rents paid on Tombs. 95 



stone was completely worn by the frequent ringing of 
the money. The tombs of St. Chad at Lichfield, and 
Haxby, the Treasurer of York, received money pay- 
ments limited to be made on them by old leases and 
settlements. Solemn covenants were contracted 
upon Teliau's tomb at Llandaff. At Carlisle the 
same custom was observed at the tomb of Prior 
Senhouse. They strewed an abundance of curious 
and costly flowers, morning and evening, many days 
on Dr. Donne's grave in old St. Paul's. 1 At Dryden's 
burial in the Abbey rosemary was used ; and Shaks- 
peare represents Queen Katharine, who was buried 
at Peterborough [and her grave probably saved the 
minster at the Dissolution], desiring maiden flowers 
1 to be strewn over her when dead/ 

FLAGS m CHAMBER — BANKERS USED AT PETES- 
BOROUGH — BURIAL OF THE BANNERS. 

One of the Cinque Port banners carried at a coro- 
nation was offered at the shrine of Canterbury, In 
1485 Henry VII. offered three standards of St. 
George, the Eed Dragon, and Dun Cow, after the 
battle of Bosworth Field. 2 Banners were suspended 
round the shrine of St. Cuthbert. The famous 
banner of the saint, which was at the winning of 
Flodden Field and many other battles (1385 and 
1401), was carried in great processions, 3 — 

' Where his cathedral huge and vast 
Looks down upon the Wear, 5 

1 Walton's Lives, 54. 2 Stow's Ann. 471. 

3 Davies' Rites, 80, 



96 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

At St. Paul's in September, 1588, twelve standards 
captured from the ships of the Spanish Armada 
decorated the choir, 1 after being displayed along the 
lower battlements during the sermon at the Cross ; 
till within a recent period, when they were removed 
to Chelsea, flags taken in the wars from the capture 
of Louisburgh to the victories of Nelson, were sus- 
pended round the dome, and the flags of the old 
county regiments may be now seen at York, Canter- 
bury, Chichester, Exeter, Salisbury, Rochester, and 
other places. Banners have been used in the pro- 
cession at 6 Choral Festivals' at Peterborough Cathe- 
dral since 1860. At an installation of the Knights 
of the Bath the Dean lays the swords upon the altar, 
and delivers them to their owners, and the banners 
of the deceased are laid under it, whilst the band 
plays the 4 Dead March in Saul. 5 

CAEN ART OF RIPON CRYPT BOOKSELLERS 5 STORE- 
ROOM HENRY THE SECOND^ PENANCE — LOOMS AT 

CANTERBURY. 

The Carnary in the Crypt of Eipon, with its walls 
and vaulting encrusted with more than 9,000 bones, 
was arranged in 1843 out of collections of human 
remains, at first removed to a space between two 
buttresses, as fresh interments were made when the 
cemetery was used ^by the 6 dependent chapelries. 5 
They were buried in 1866. Books were stored in 
the crypt of St. Faith under St. Paul's. At a still 
earlier date the bakery and other buildings were 

1 Stow's Ann. 751. 



Looms at Canterbury. 



97 



occupied for unworthy purposes. In the undercroft 
of Canterbury, Henry II. passed a night fasting, after 
being scourged by every bishop, abbot, and monk 
present. In 1561 it was occupied by the silk-looms 
of the French and Flemish refugees, who used one 
aisle as a place of worship. 

daily communion — interval between services — 
midnight service — henry viii.'s statutes excuse 

attendance at them early mass — early 

matins : exeter, norwich morning- prayer 

chapel : st. Paul's, york, lichfield, Worcester, 
wells, durham, lincoln, canterbury — services 
in 1852. 

The daily Communion we find, by a rubric of 1549, 
was maintained in Cathedrals, but in the Council's 
Letter of that year an early Communion in the morn- 
ing was to be permitted at the high altar of St. 
Paul's, only 6 if some number of people desired it for 
their necessary business/ 

Bishop Cosin has recorded the following custom. 
Speaking of the rubrical notice to be given by per- 
sons intending to become communicants, he says, 
' Whereupon is necessarily inferred a certain distance 
of time between Morning Prayer and High Service, 
which is at this time duly observed in York and 
Chichester. 3 This custom continues to linger at 
Worcester and Winchester on Sundays, and may be 
traced back to the time of Grindall's Injunctions for 
York in 1571, in which any intermission in Divine 
service was forbidden. At Ely Matins are sung at 
9, and Litany and Holy Communion at 11. 



98 Traditions and Ctistoms of Cathedrals. 

If we may believe the coarse-tongued Pilkington, 
6 in Paul's and abbeys at their midnight prayers were 
more commonly but a few bawling priests, young 
choristers, and novices ; the elder sort, both in Cathe- 
dral churches and abbeys, almost never came at 
their midnight prayer, — it was thought enough to 
knoll the bells. 5 1 It is certain that a great stress 
was laid upon attendance at Matins in the ancient 
statutes, and that it was a special exemption in those 
of Henry VIII., which excused the members of 
Cathedrals from coming to the night Hours, so cold 
had old devotion grown. 6 Venite Bread * signifi- 
cantly was given at Chichester. 

No church in Bath, in 1411, was allowed to chime 
for service until the Cathedral had rung its morning 
bell, or tolled the curfew. 

Harding says, 6 where great multitude of Christian 
people is, as in towns, we see some resort to church 
early in the morning, making their spiritual obla- 
tions to the intent to serve God ere they serve men 
in their worldly affairs. Others come at their con- 
venient opportunity, some at 6, some at 7, some 
at 8, some at 9 or 10 of the clock. All well- 
disposed people about Paul's cannot come to Postles' 
Mass at 4 or 5 of the clock in the morning.' 2 
The Apostles' Mass was said in the Jesus Chapel in 
the Shrowds. Pilkington profanely calls it Judas 
Chapel. 3 Cooper says there was Mass in the Lady 
Chapel at 6, and in Jesus Church at 9 ; 4 or, as 
he also calls it, 'the lowest place of the west end.' 5 

1 Works, 528. 2 Jewel's Works, ii. 630. 

3 Works, 541 ; Strype, i. 392. 4 Works, 119. 5 Ibid. 21. 



Early Matins. 



99 



The Matins in 1559 succeeded the Apostles' Mass. 1 
Sermons were preached in the shrouds or under- 
croft. 

* The usual hour of Matin mass, the first said in the 
day, was 6 a.m. or at 5 a.m., according to the season, 
at Chichester and Lichfield ; and at Durham, in 1567, 
servants attended in the Cathedral at 6, the ordinary 
service being at 9 ; 2 in the time of Cosin prayers 
were said at 5 a.m. winter and summer, followed by 
a second service at 9. At Winchester, the morning 
service is sung at 8 a.m. on Sundays, In Townsend's 
Journal of the Siege of Worcester, 1646, we have 
the affecting entry : — July 23. 6 This day many gentle- 
men went to 6 o'clock prayers to the College, to take 
their last farewell of the Church of England service, 
the organs having been taken down on the 20th.' 
At Durham, in 1682, there were prayers at 6 a.m. for 
servants, except on Sundays and holydays. 3 At 
Chester and Exeter prayers are said in the 6 Lady 
Chapel' at 7 a.m. In Defoe's time 500 people 
attended the 6 o'clock service, and 6 the solem- 
nity, decency, and affecting harmony of the choir 
service rendered the Cathedral a glory to the 
diocese, the envy of other choirs, and the admiration 
of strangers.' 4 In 1559 the hour was 6 a.m., and a 
hymn was sung. 

At Norwich there were early prayers said at 6 a.m. 
in summer and at 7 in the winter, 6 but of late years ' 
(it is said in 1814), 'they had been discontinued.' 
The name of the Morning Prayers Chapel still 

1 Marilyn, 212. 2 Grranv. Lett. ii. 163. 

3 Camel. MSS. vi. 23. 4 Comp. Lyttelton, Descript. by S.A. 22. 



ioo Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

remains at St. Paul's, Salisbury, and Lincoln; in 
1 708 they were said in the former Cathedral and at 
Westminster Abbey at 6 a.m./ and now at 8 a.m. ; 
and still later, in 1730, the members of Christ Church, 
Oxford, went to Matins at 6 and Litany at 9. 2 In 
1818, at York prayers were said at 6 a.m. in summer 
and at 7 in winter ; formerly they were said in the 
choir at 6 the whole year round. In 1764 the service 
had been transferred to a chapel. 3 A small bell, 
6 the silver sound of which could be heard some miles 
off the city/ and then suspended in a cupola on the 
6 Lantern Steeple/ bore these allusive lines, engraved 
in 1592:— 

* Surge cito. Propera. Cimctos citat, excitat Hora ; 
Cur dormis ? Vigila : me resonante, leva.' 

Hist, of Ch. of York, 40, 33, 

At Lichfield, Bishop Hacket's Statutes require an 
early service for small tradesmen, labourers, and ser- 
vants in the Lady Chapel. Laud, in 1634, ordered 
the usual morning prayers at 6 a.m. to be henceforth 
read or celebrated in our Lady's Chapel at the east 
end of the Cathedral Church of Worcester. 4 At 
Hereford, the hour then was 5 or 6.30, according to 
the season. At Wells, Mr. Phelps (1839) says 6 there 
is in the Lady Chapel a Communion Table, and seats 
for the accommodation of a congregation, which for- 
merly assembled at 6 a.m. in summer and at 7 in 
winter to hear Morning Prayers. This service has 
been discontinued many years.' 5 At Durham, Morn- 

1 Button's New View, s. v. 2 Peck's Desid. Cur. lib. xii. No. 2L 
3 Hargrove, 84. 4 Works, v. 491. 5 Somersetshire, ii. 68. 



Services in 1852. 



IOT 



ing Prayer was said in the song school at 6 a.m., except 
on Sundays and holy days. 1 At Lincoln, in Hollar's 
Plan, mention is made of the chapel where Matins are 
said at 6 a.m., and there prayers were continued down 
to comparatively recent times, as at Salisbury at 6.80 
and 6 at Winchester in the present century. The 
Collect still retains the significant words, 'the be- 
ginning of this day.' Gostling says that in his time 
early prayers were said in the Chapter-house, and not 
in the choir of Canterbury, owing to the following 
circumstance : — Lord Jefferies told one of the Pre- 
bendaries that the Presbyterians were about to peti- 
tion James IL for the use of this noble building as a 
meeting-house. The Prebendary then made the pro- 
position to convert it to this new purpose. c That 
will do/ said the Chancellor, 6 have it put to that use 
immediately, for if the Presbyterians don't get it, 
perhaps others will whom you may like worse.' 2 

When the Cathedral Commission in 1852 was 
appointed, there* was only monthly Communion on 
Sundays at Wells, Carlisle, Chester, Ely (where it 
was innovation dating seventy years back), Glouces- 
ter, Bristol, Hereford, Lincoln, Norwich, Peter- 
borough, Eochester, and St. Asaph, and fortnightly 
at St. David's. This was a great falling off, for, 
in 1684, Durham and Gloucester, with other Cathe- 
drals in the Province of Canterbury, had revived the 
weekly celebration. 3 At Carlisle, within a short 
time previous, a lecturer, never contemplated by the 
statutes, preached for the Dean and Canons : at Ely 

1 Kites, 72. 2 Ibid. 177. 

3 Dean Granville's Letters, 124-5, 132, 



102 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

the precentor similarly 6 guarded ' tlie pulpit when 
required, and two Minor Canons could not sing; at 
Manchester the service was ■ read ; 5 at Norwich the 
Evensong was a service in the choir, 6 partly choral, 
partly parochial' (!) for three winter months at 
2.30 p.m., and during the rest of the year the choral 
service was resumed, and the parish service said in 
St. Luke's Church. At Bipon, as now, there was no 
choir on Wednesday or Friday ; at St. Asaph there 
were two week-day choral services ; at Llandaff, 
none ; at St. David's the Saturday evening service 
was choral. Still there was life in the old Cathe- 
drals : in some the weekly Communion was main- 
tained; at Salisbury, except on one Sunday in the 
month and on great festivals, there was early cele- 
bration at 8 a.m. ; at Eipon, on Easter Day at 
5 a.m. ; at Exeter, Matins were said daily at 7, and 
at Chester, except in winter, when the hour was 7.30 ; 
at Gloucester, during seven months, at 7.15 ; at 
Hereford, on festivals ; and at Oxford, always at 8 : 
whilst at Norwich, from 1831 to 1843, the attempt 
was made to have an additional sermon, at Boches- 
ter the choir was silent on Litany days in Lent ; and 
at Worcester, Matins on Sunday were said at 8.15 
in summer, and at 8.30 in winter. 

REVERENCE TO THE ALTAR — TURNING TO THE EAST 
AT CARLISLE AND MANCHESTER. 

Laud, at Canterbury, in his revised Statutes, 
c. xxxiv., required that every member of whatsoever 
degree or rank should, when they enter the choir, 
adore the Divine maiestv with a devout heart, and 



Reverence to the A liar. 



make a lowly reverence towards the altar, as is 
prescribed in the ancient statutes of certain churches, 
and then turn to the Dean and do the like, and 
also bow the knee in crossing the choir. A trace 
of the former custom still lingers at Christ Church, 
Oxford, St. George's, Windsor, and was observed 
until very recent times also at Durham ; but, that it 
was once an ordinary custom, we gather from the 
exceptions of the Committee of the House of Lords, 
where an objection is raised to ' bowing towards the 
altar or towards the east many times with three 
conges, but usually in every motion in access or 
recess in the Church/ 1 

At Worcester, 1635, Dean Mainwaring ordered 
the King's scholars, who used formerly to throng 
tumultuously into the choir, to go in rank two and 
two and make their due obeisance, at their coming in. 2 

On a Sunday, 1641, after the sermon was ended, 
the Canon went before, the Petty Canon behind him, 
and the verger before both, * all three ducking, 
ducking, ducking as they went from their seats to 
the quire up to the high altar, where the priests 
stood till the organs and choir had ceased, and then 
the priest began to read the afternoon service at 
Canterbury.' 3 

At Gloucester, Winchester, Hereford, and in other 
Cathedrals, Laud ordered it to be observed, 4 and 
it is said to have been made in the present century 
at Exeter, 5 

1 Cardw. Conf. 273. 2 Neal, History of Puritans, ii. 292. 

8 Cathedral News, 1 8 ; quoted in Hierurgia Anglicana. 

4 Cypr. Angl. 291=3 ; Laud's Works, v. 478 ; Canterb. Dom. 75, 79, 80. 

5 Hierurg. Angl. 366 n. 



i 04 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

A reverence towards the east (in conformity with 
the Canons of 1640), was still retained in most of 
the Cathedrals, and when the reader went to the 
lectern he made an obeisance to the altar in one of 
the greatest of these churches in 1748, 1 and a 
6 similar bowing towards the stalls ' prevailed. In 
earlier times the clerks in choir only rose when the 
Dean entered or left ; 2 6 lowly reverence in bowing 
the head at entrance into the most solemn place of 
God's worship, the quire/ was practised in Cathe- 
drals in 1682. 3 

In the dedication to the Life of Ambrose Barnes, 
who lived in the seventeenth century, we have the 
following allusion to the custom of the period : 
' What mean these alterations of the Communion 
tables into stone altars? What mean these rich 
altar cloths with these Jesuits' cypher embosst upon 
them? some of our altar pieces are contrived with 
carved work resembling the lighted tapers of a 
mass-board' p. 8; and a writer in 1687 says: 'I 
went diligently to the public worship, especially to 
the Cathedral of Carlisle, where in time of public 
prayer we used all, male and female, as soon as 
that creed called the Apostles' Creed began to be 
said, to turn our faces towards the east, and when 
the name of Jesus was mentioned we all as one 
bowed and kneeled towards the altar-table as they 
call it, where stood a couple of Common Prayer 
books in folio, one at each side of the table, and 
over them, painted upon the wall, IHS, signifying 

1 Gent. Mag, xviii. 511. 2 Monasticon, ii a 534, 

3 Granville's Letters, ii. 95, 



Turning to the East at Manchester. 105 



Jesus. 1 In Manchester Cathedral, at the singing of 
the Gloria Patri, the whole choir turns round and 
stands towards the east, as was the custom at 
Lincoln in 1440. 

LIGHTS: YORK, BRANCHES — CANTERBURY, DURHAM — 
CANDLEMAS. 

In these days, when gas is employed to light 
Cathedrals and even ingeniously arranged to follow 
the architectural lines and heighten the interior 
effect on certain occasions, as at St. Paul's Cathe- 
dral at the funeral of the Duke of Wellington, 
we are likely to let the tradition of former lighting 
pass out of mind, and what were these jets to the 
1400 serges carried at the funeral of Henry Y. at 
Westminster ? 2 The ancient Statutes are very 
stringent and precise in laying down the number, 
size, and weight of the tapers, torches, wax 
serges and candles employed in Divine worship. 
After the Reformation, when no part of the service 
was any longer said by rote, not only the bishop's 
throne had its two candles, but similar conveniences 
were added along the stalls ; and in the seventeenth 
century pendant branches, of which a specimen re- 
mains at Chichester, supplied the want which had 
ensued by the wholesale destruction of the glorious 
chandeliers and crowns of former times. At York, 
about a century since, 6 in winter, from All Saints to 
Candlemas, the choir was illuminated at evening 
service by seven large branches, beside a small wax 

1 Story's Journal, 4. 2 Dart, ii. 37- 



106 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

candle fixed at every other stall. Three of these 
branches were the gifts of ' Sir Arthur Ingram, anno 
1638/ as appears by an inscription on each; he also 
settled 41. per annum on the church for finding them 
with lights. 6 These, with two large tapers for the 
altar, are all the lights commonly made use of ; but 
on the vigils of certain holydays the four grand dig- 
nitaries of the Church had in 1818 each a branch of 
seven candles placed before them at their stalls/ 1 

In 1748, Mr. John Allen left 200Z. to the Dean 
and Chapter for providing more lights for the winter 
service : two brass sconces of twenty-four lights each, 
c. 1726, hung in the choir of Canterbury. 2 Bishop 
Cosin (who celebrated in a plain white satin cope 
only, without any embroidery, at the west side of the 
altar, turning his back to the people) being bitterly 
and basely maligned by Peter Smart, was compelled 
to explain that 6 in winter time upon the Communion 
Table were never set more than two fair candles, 
with a few small sizes near to them, which they put 
there of purpose that the people all about might 
have the better use of them for singing the Psalms 
and reading the Lessons out of the Bible, but 200 
was a greater number than they used in all the church, 
either upon Candlemas night or any other. 53 Dr. 
Donne, in a sermon at St. Paul's, says, 6 Tour custom 
celebrates Candlemas with many lights. 5 Cosin did 
not deny the article which charged him with allowing 
' the company of boys to come in with lighted 
torches in their hands at the choir door, bowing 

1 Hargrove, 85 ; Hist, of York, 47. 
2 Gostling, 261. 3 Cosin's Works, lsxviii. 



Lights in Cathedrals. 107 

towards the altar at their first entrance, bowing 
thrice before they lighted their tapers, and withdraw, 
bowing so oft towards the altar, the organ all the 
time going/ 

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN CHOIRS — MUSICAL 

FESTIVALS MINSTRELS* GALLERY MEETINGS OF 

CHOIRS — AN ABBEY REMOVED ON ACCOUNT OF ITS 
ORGAN PURPLE GOWNS OF CHORISTERS — CHOIR SER- 
VICE IN JEOPARDY — PLACE OF ORGAN — ORGANS RE- 
STORED — BEAUTIES OF THE SERVICE AT SALISBURY. 

In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, ' in Cathedrals the 
hymns were sung in a more awakening and improved 
manner, and, to make the performance further enter- 
taining and solemn, organs and other instruments of 
music were made use of.' 1 Viols were employed at 
Exeter, musical instruments at Lincoln in 1631, 2 and 
the lyre and harp at Hereford ; cornets and sackbuts 
were played in Worcester at the reception of Eliza- 
beth, August 13, 1575. In 1667 cornets were used 
at Westminster. At Durham and York, when Lord 
Guildford visited those minsters, ' wind music in the 
choir ' was only recently disused ; Lord Keeper 
Guildford ' being well known in all the choirs where- 
ever he came, the boys failed not to bring him a 
fair book of the anthem and service, and sometimes 
the score if they had it, expecting, as they always 
had, a compensation for their pains. 53 At Exeter he 
observed that ' the two side columns that carried the 

1 Collier, Ecc. Hist. vi. 246. 

2 See my article on Cathedrals prior to the Civil Wars, in the Gent. 
Mag. for 1848, 480. 

3 Lives of the Norths, i. 279. 



io8 Traditions and Ctistoms of Cathedrals. 



tower were lined with organ pipes, and were as 
columns themselves.' 1 At Canterbury, among the 
members of the foundation, Laud appointed, in 1636, 
two saekbutteers and two corneteers. 2 Organs and 
violins are mentioned at St. Paul's, in a coarsely 
irreverent work. 3 P. Smart complained of pipers at 
Durham during the Holy Communion. 4 On Novem- 
ber 12, 1702, and in 1700, the Te Deum was sung in 
this Cathedral with vocal and instrumental music, 5 
and at the Feast of the Sons of the Clergy, December 
8, 1720. 6 On August 6, 1788, a full band of music 
played at the service in Worcester Cathedral. 7 
Drums and trumpets are still used on rare occasions 
at St. Paul's and Westminster, and recently in the 
Abbey, Bach's Passion-musik was performed with a 
full orchestra as a kind of anthem ; but the divorce 
of a modest instrumental accompaniment from the 
actual services, and the conversion of a Cathedral 
into a music-hall with its attendant indecencies, 
began in a slothful and indifferent age, in the so- 
called festival of the Three Choirs. It is to be hoped 
that this unsuitable mean3 of raising money may 
shortly be as much of the past as those in vogue at 
York, Chester, and Westminster, happily long since 
defunct ; and that it will be found that the noblest, 
most perfect, and becoming instrument in the House 
of God is the unrivalled organ. At W estminster, on 

1 Lives of the Norths, i. 246. 

2 Works, v. 507. 3 Hickeringill's Ceremony Monger, ii. 405. 
4 Catal. of Superst. Innov. 26. 

3 Dugdale's St. Paul's, Ed. Ellis, 441-447. 

6 Burney's Hist, of Music, iv. 246. 7 Green's Wore. i. 299. 



Musical Festivals. 



109 



the Feast of SS. Simon and Jude, Tallis's service is 
magnificently sung every year. The late Prsecentor 
Hutchinson, of Lichfield, first introduced the Dio- 
cesan meetings of parish choirs in a Cathedral in 
1856. In England, as now on the Continent, the 
organ, it must be remembered, was used only on 
festivals, as we learn from the Nonne's Priest's Tale 
of Chaucer : 

His vois was merrier than the mery Org on 
On Massie Dayes that in the churches gon. 

At Winchester an abbey was removed from the 
neighbourhood to the Cathedral owing to the jarring 
of the voices of the choir. 1 At Norwich the chori- 
sters wear surplices only on Sundays, holydays, and 
eves, and at other times wear purple gowns, and sit 
in the organ loft. 

At York, in the wooden reredos, there were two 
doors which opened into a vestry where the Arch- 
bishops used to robe themselves at their enthronisa- 
tion, and afterwards proceeded to the high altar, 
where they were invested with the pall. Above the 
screen was a gallery for musicians who played during 
the celebration of high mass. 2 At Chichester there 
was a similar arrangement. 3 In the Synod of West- 
minster, 156f, the motion to remove 6 strains of skill, 
musical performances, and playing on organs 5 out of 
Cathedrals was lost in the Lower House of Convoca- 
tion by one vote only. 4 Owing to the want of 6 able 
ministers ' in the reign of Elizabeth, it was, in 1584, 



1 W. Malm. 173. 
3 Hargrove, 81. 



2 Hist, of Ch. of York, 4o. 
4 Collier, vi. 362. 



no Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



seriously proposed to Parliament 6 that every Dean 
and Chapter of every Cathedral and collegiate church 
that did pay yearly wages to singing men and chori- 
sters and musicians in their churches, should pay the 
same in yearly pensions to such pastors as were resi- 
dent on their benefices which should be found to 
want sufficient sustentation of living/ 1 Yet in 1559 
the royal Injunctions commanded that c no altera- 
tions be made of such assignments of living as here- 
tofore hath been appointed to the use of singing or 
music in the church, but that the same do remain. 52 
Fuller says it was reported of the Puritan bishop of 
Carlisle, Dr. Barnabas Potter, that 6 organs would 
blow him out of the church/ There appears to have 
been great laxity in the choirmen who, at Canter- 
bury, absented themselves 6 every third week/ and at 
Chichester were required to c carry themselves in a 
respectful manner to the residentiaries/ who were re 
minded to maintain 6 the meetings and hospitable 
invitations kept quarterly for the choir/ or give in 
lieu ' money by way of perdition ' and as a 6 benevo- 
lence/ 3 The tribune of Winchester, the galleries 
with book-stands over the chapels in the Lady Chapel 
of Gloucester, and the galleries in the nave of Wells 
and Exeter, served for the minstrels ; and in the latter 
Cathedral, until recently, at 7 a.m. on Christmas Day, 
the choir sang to the organ the Old Hundreth Psalm, 
with a beautiful effect in the solemn dimness of the 
church at that hour. The galleries over the west 

1 Strype's Ann. III. i. 320 ; App. xxxix. : comp. I. i. 269, 537 ; and 
Hooper's Works, ii. 151 ; and I. xvii-xix. 

2 Cardw. Doc. Ann. 1. 229. 9 Laud's Works, v. 455, 486. 



Organs Restored. 



1 1 1 



doors of Winchester, Chichester, and other Cathedrals, 
were used by the choir in singing the 6 Gloria, Laus 
et Honor/ as the procession of Palm Sunday entered 
in. The organ was erected in 1783 over the choir 
screen at Canterbury. Laud recommended the fusion 
of the two pair of organs at Lichfield into a single 
6 chair organ. 5 Charles L, who contributed 1,000?. 
to one at York, as George III. did 6 as a Berkshire 
gentleman ' to that of Salisbury, stipulated that it 
should be removed from the screen. 1 The organ 
stood on the north side of the choir at Canterbury 
in the twelfth century, and still later at Winchester, 
Worcester, Chester, St. PauFs, Lincoln, and West- 
minster. At Hereford and Canterbury it is now on 
the south side. It sometimes stood in the rood loft 
both before and after the Reformation, and is still 
an unsightly object at Lincoln, Norwich, and some 
other churches. The organ is not used during Holy 
Week at Chichester until the Evening Service on 
Easter Even. The organ was silenced where it had 
not been destroyed during the Usurpation ; and it is 
curious to read this entry in the diary of a man of 
middle age, November 4, 1660: 'To the Abbey, 
where the first time that ever I heard the organs in 
a Cathedral/ 2 On one of the pinnacles of the organ 
case at Bristol, a robin took up its abode in 1773, 
and was regularly fed with crumbs by the sexton till 
its death in 1787. The Cathedral service was soon 
restored in all its beauty, for Pope, in his Life of Seth 
Ward, mentions the celebration of Divine service at 
Salisbury, 'with exemplary piety, admirable decency, 

1 Hargrove, i. 78. 2 Pepys' Diary, i. 150. 



1 1 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 

and celestial music ; ? just a century before, George 
Herbert used to go twice a week to the Cathedral, 
where the music, he said, ' elevated his soul, and was 
his heaven upon earth. 5 

THE LECTERN — DOUBLE CHANT— HARMONISED CONFES- 
SION — SERVICES' — VOLUNTARY, ANTHEM. 

Dr. Jebb, in his c Choral Service/ has given many 
interesting particulars with regard to the musical 
history of our Cathedrals. He mentions that the 
Prayers were not sung at Chester, and the Dean and 
Canons read the lessons, a duty performed at West- 
minster by the Minor Canons. Since the restoration 
of the lectern in most of the choirs, the Lessons are 
read from it, as at Chichester, St. Paul's, Hereford, 
Chester, York, Lichfield, Ely, Norwich, Westminster, 
Salisbury, Exeter, Peterborough, Gloucester, and 
other churches ; and at Canterbury, on Sundays and 
festivals, called locally Precum Days, by the Canons ; 
there on week-days from the stalls the First Lesson is 
read by a Minor Canon, and the Second by the Dean 
or Vice-Dean. At Bristol and Winchester, and in 
most Cathedrals, the lectern at the east end of the 
choir faces westward ; at Peterborough the position 
is reversed ; at Chichester and Hereford it stands 
before the choir-step. At Durham the Holy Bible is 
brought by a verger to the reader in his stall. At 
Lichfield the Dean reads from his stall, and in many 
Cathedrals this is the rule on week-days ; the lectern, 
as at Eochester and Carlisle, being used only on 
Sunday ; at Ely the choir lectern is used on week- 



The Lectern, 



"3 



days, and that in the octagon on Sundays. At Wells 
the residentiary is the reader; usually the Dean reads 
the Second Lesson. At York and Lichfield, by old 
statute, the Dean read from his stall. 1 

It is not many years since that the choral service 
was not sung by the Priest Vicars at Salisbury. 
The varieties in the services with regard to cadences, 
raising or lowering the note, and the use of a varied 
melody, have been fully given by Dr. Jebb ; and it 
only remains to add, that at Ely a Confession with 
harmonized inflexions was introduced by the orga- 
nist, Mr. Robert Janes, in 1831. The Double Chant 
took its origin in a mistake by the assistant organist 
of Gloucester, about the beginning of the last century, 

The Committee appointed by the House of Lords 
(1 643) acquaint us, in one of their captious excep- 
tions with the first notice of what are technically 
called Services, alleging it to be an innovation in 
discipline, the 6 singing the Te Deum in prose after 
a Cathedral church way in divers parochial churches, 
where the people have no skill in such music;' 2 
whilst they recommend that 'the musick used in 
God's holy service in Cathedral and collegiate 
churches be framed with less curiosity, that it may 
be more edifying and more intelligible, and that no 
hymns or anthems be used where ditties are framed, 
by private persons, but such as are contained in the 
sacred canonical Scriptures, or in our Liturgy of 
prayers, or have publick allowance.' 3 

1 Monast. vi. 1200, 1257 ; Dugdale's St. Paul's, 258 ; App. to IstEep. 
Cath. Comm. 28. 

2 Cardw. Conf. 273. 3 Ibid. 274. 

I 



1 1 4 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

In some places, as at York and Lichfield (and at 
St. Paul's in Clifford's time), 1 a voluntary is played 
after the Psalms, possibly in lieu of the Paternoster 
and Credo, said privately at this part of the service 
by the Salisbury use. It is, if brief, a most con- 
venient arrangement, in order to allow the reader 
time after the conclusion of the Gloria Patri to pro- 
ceed to the lectern. 

According to Mace, a metrical Psalm, instead of an 
anthem, was sung at York in the time of Charles I., 
in harmony with the Elizabethan advertisements. 
He tells the story of a Dean who could sing common 
services and anthems, once rebuking a choirman 
who had sung very badly, and the answer of the 
furious clerk, 6 Sir, except ye mend my wages, I am 
resolved never to sing better whilst I live.' 2 On 
Litany days the anthem is omitted at St. Paul's 
and Westminster, and in the latter church and at 
Wells, on Sundays, is postponed after the sermon : at 
Chester on certain days it was not used; 3 nor at 
York in the afternoon of Sundays in Lent in 1818. 4 
At Christ Church, Oxford, the suffrages for the Queen 
are sung after the anthem. At Norwich one of the 
choristers, as a supernumerary clerk, in 1827, read 
the First Lesson, 5 whilst at Hereford the choir of 
Hereford had 6 this peculiar quality, that the services 
and anthems were sung exclusively by Priest Vicars,' 
and only recently at that time 6 many excellent choirs 
had transferred these songs of Sion to the hands of lay- 

1 Jebb, 317. 2 Musick's Mon. 27. 

3 Jebb, 382,371, 411. ' * Hargrove, 84. 

5 Hacket's Cath. Schools, *41. 



The Litany — Litany Desk, 1 1 5 

men.' To each of the five Canons, a chorister was 
allotted to attend upon him in Cathedral during his 
residence and times of preaching. 1 

the litany — litany desk — cantoe's seats — 
tore: use. 

At the reopening of Chichester Cathedral the 
Litany was sung at the entrance of the choir by two 
Priest Vicars ; but the rule is to chant from the 
stalls. At St. Paul's it is sung from the end stalls ; 
at Canterbury, York, Lincoln, and Oxford, in the 
midst of the choir ; at Lichfield, and on great occa- 
sions at Ely, in the nave ; at Hereford, Canterbury, 
Norwich, and Exeter (as before 1741), and Gloucester, 
at a Litany desk. Two Priest Vicars at Hereford, two 
Minor Canons at Durham and St. Paul's, two lay 
Vicars at Lincoln, on the spot where an inscription 
6 Cantate hie 5 marks the place once occupied by 
rulers of the choir, and a Priest and a Vicar at Lich- 
field and Exeter, sing it. At Lichfield, Hacket's 
Statutes allow two lay Vicars to sing it at the fald- 
stool up to the Lord's Prayer. 2 

At Winchester on Sundays the Litany precedes 
the Holy Communion at 10 and at Ely at 11 a.m., 
forming a distinct service, as formerly at Canterbury 
in 1560, when 6 Matins were to be done by 8 a.m., and 
the Litany sung at a later hour.' 3 There is a Litany 
of modern use peculiar to York. On Sept. 18, 1547, 

1 Hacket's Cath. Schools, 34 — 5. 

2 App. to 1st Kep. Cath. Comm. 28. 

3 Strype's Parker, ii. ch. 2. 

i 2 



1 1 6 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

the Litany was first sung in the English tongue in 
St. Paul's, between the choir and the high altar, the 
singers kneeling half on one side and half on the 
other. 1 At Eipon the service is not sung on Litany 
days. 

NICENE CREED — ANECDOTES OP ARCHBISHOP SUTTON" 
AND MASON — CUSTOM OF NORWICH — REVERENCE AT 
MENTION OF THE INCARNATION — GOSPEL AND EPISTLE 
SUNG- — WEEKLY EARLY AND CHORAL CELEBRATIONS 
— VOLUNTARY INSTEAD OF THE AGNUS DEI — HYMN 
BEFORE SERMON — COMMUNION OFFICE — LENGTH OF 
CATHEDRAL SERVICE. 

At Westminster and St. Paul's, the Canon, after 
intoning the Mcene Creed, went to the pulpit at 
once if he was also the preacher. At Canterbury it 
was the custom for the Dean and Canons to wait on 
the Primate in his throne in order to conduct him to 
the pulpit before the Creed was finished. Arch- 
bishop Manners- Sutton was the first to mark his 
disapprobation of this bad custom, by resolutely keep- 
ing his place until the Amen was concluded. Mason, 
the friend of Gray, when prsBcentor of York, had a 
theory that Creeds ought not to be sung, and he 
stopped the chanting of this Creed. 

In 1812, it is said at Norwich, ' the Mcene Creed 
is chanted, not sung, contrary to the practice which 
obtains in every other Cathedral ; ? after the Gospel is 
finished, 6 instead of a single note on the choir organ 
merely to give the choir a certain pitch, comes a 

1 Heylin, Hist, of Reform. 42. 



Reverence at Mention of the Incarnation. 1x7 



terrific blast of three octaves on the full organ, and 
off start the boys. 1 

Cardinal Pole, in 1556, ordered veiling of bonnets 
and bending knees in Hereford Cathedral, when the 
words were sung, Et Incarnatus ex Spiritu, and Et 
Homo f actus est. Men sat covered in Cathedrals until 
Laud forbade the custom, and a picture of Bishop 
Cox's funeral in 1581 showed the large congregation 
sitting in the choir of Ely, to hear the sermon, 6 having 
their bonets on. 32 The homily on 6 The Time and 
Place of Prayer/ was in error about the cessation of 
a musical service, at least 6 in choirs and places where 
they sing,' as the Lessons, Gospel, and Epistle were 
still sung to a plain tune. 

The weekly Communion was restored, first at York, 
Exeter, and Canterbury, and a choral celebration at 
Ely and York, Dr. Jebb, in 1843, says, c The choral 
accompaniments had ceased in all but a few churches, 
as Durham, Exeter, and Worcester.' Early celebra- 
tions have been revived at Wells and Chichester, in 
term-time of the Theological College ; at Chester, on 
the great festivals and Sundays, except the first in the 
month ; at Salisbury, weekly ; at Peterborough, on 
Saints'-days ; and York, on the first Sunday in the 
month and Saints'-days ; at Durham, on the second 
Sunday in the month ; at St. Paul's, weekly, and on 
festivals; at Lichfield and Hereford, in the Lady 
Chapel ; at Norwich, where there are two celebra- 
tions ; at Gloucester on special, and at Canterbury on 
very rare occasions. Two early celebrations were in 



1 Gent. Mag. lxxxii. p. 222. 2 Peck's Desid. Cur. ii. 574. 



1 1 8 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

use on Easter Day at Eipon in 1852, at 5 and 7 a,m. b 
There is choral Communion at Chichester on the 
greater festivals ; at Chester, occasionally ; at Exeter 9 
on high festivals and the first Sunday in the month ; 
at Hereford, on the four great festivals ; at Peter- 
borough, on those days, and at Ordinations, Visita- 
tions, and the installation of a Bishop ; at York, on 
the second Sunday in the month and great festivals ; 
at Salisbury, at large diocesan meetings ; at Worces- 
ter on all days having a Proper Preface ; at Durham., 
once a, month; and at Ely, on every Sunday. At 
Eipon and elsewhere a voluntary is sometimes played 
before and after the service. The incongruity of 
singing the Sanctus as an introit was introduced at 
the Restoration. At Canterbury, on the three great 
feasts, the Gloria in Excelsis is sung to the St. Mark's 
phrases. At Durham a soft voluntary is played during 
the communion of the people in place of the Agnus 
Dei. 

Duke Cosmo III. mentions a hymn sung before 
the sermon at Exeter. The 6 singing of a common 
psalm after sermons 9 took its origin at St. Paul's, 
Bishop Hacket informs us, and was observed ' in 
Westminster Abbey from Bishop Andrewes' to Bishop 
Williams' time, 2 and in the opening of the Convoca- 
tion of 1562 in St. Paul's. In 1644, during the siege 
of York for eleven weeks, when the enemy planted 
their guns against the church in prayer time, so that 
Q cannon bullets came in and bounced from pillar 
to pillar/ according to 6 a custom not in any other 

1 Catli. Com. Rep. 333. . 

2 Life of Hacket, edited by me, 128, notes. 



Hymn before Sermon. i r 9 

# 

Cathedral/ c before the sermon the whole congre- 
gation of the besieged Boyalists sang a psalm to- 
gether, with the quire and organ 5 ' thundering in 
so as to make the very ground shake under them. 5 1 
Cosin, however, mentions at Durham congregational 
singing of Psalms. Probably such additions contri- 
buted to the fact recorded by Bishop Hacket in his 
sermon on Church festivals, that 6 people of purpose 
declined Cathedral churches, and never came at 
them, because Divine service is there continued an 
hour longer at least than in parochial congrega- 
tions.' 2 At Westminster, the service in Strype's 
time lasted on Sundays from 8 to 11, and on week- 
days from 9 until near that hour, which it reached 
on Litany and holydays. In the afternoon it lasted 
from 4 till 5, or after. 3 

COSMO III. AT EXETER— BISHOP SPARROW AND HIS 

LITTLE FAMILY CANONS 5 HABITS AT SALISBURY — 

GREY AMESS— THE SCARF — COPES AT DURHAM, AT 
NORWICH AND WESTMINSTER — PETER MARTYR'S 

CONSCIENCE — ALBS AT CHESTER CANONICALS WORN 

IN GOING TO CATHEDRAL — COPES ENJOINED BY THE 
CANONS — DEACON AND SUBDEACON. 

Caps were worn in choir at Canterbury and Ely. 4 
When Cosmo III., Grand-Duke of Tuscany, visited 
Exeter Cathedral in 1669, he saw Dr. Sparrow, the 
bishop, 6 con cotta sopra la veste talare nera e man- 
teletta dell 5 istesso colore, portando in testa un berra- 



1 Mace, Musick's Mon. 19. 2 Plume's Century, 707. 

3 Annals, II. b. ii. App. x. 4 Benthani, ii. Notes, 79. 



1 20 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



tino di raso nero simile al camauro pontifizio ; and 
what surprised him yet more below the throne (as 
now at Carlisle) was a family pe w : 6 nel piano della 
chiesa in un recinto di legno stava la mogiie del 
vescovo e le di lui figliolule che si numeravano fino 
a nove.' The Canons wore, he says, 6 abito canoni- 
cal di botta e manteletta di seta 11 era diversa pero 
di figura da quella del vescovo/ being narrower both 
before and behind. He says the music was reckoned 
amongst the best in the kingdom, owing to the 
good stipends, and compares the chanting of the 
Psalms to the Gregorian use, adding that they were 
accompanied by the organ; 1 at Salisbury, he says, 
merging the hood and scarf into one, the Canons 
wore 6 un capuccio nero di seta che dal collo per la 
parte di inanzi ha attaccatta due lunghe falde e di 
dietro casca come una mezza pianeta ;' 2 he calls the 
Dean's hood 6 cappuccio ossia mozzetta.' The real 
choral habit by statute is a black cope, with the 
almuce 3 over the surplice or rochet. The hood was 
abandoned at St. Paul's, Nov. 1, 1562, 4 but, neverthe- 
less, the 6 graius amictus ' was surrendered by the 
Canons of 1571 as tainted with superstition, 5 and, as 
appears by a paper in the 6 Spectator,' No. 21, a.d. 
1711, the scarf was in use by Prebendaries as their 
special ornament in the beginning of the eighteenth 
century, having been the lining of the almuce or amess. 

1 Grenville, Lib. MS. Cosmo lit Viaggio, fo. 42. 2 Fo. 70. 

3 Stow's Ann., 605. 

4 Almuces, 'amicis', are an ornament having authority of Parliament, 
24 Hen. VIII. c. 13. sec 2, 7. See also miniatures in the St. Alban'sBook 
of Life, Brit. Mus., and the engraving in my Memor. of Chichester, 
p. 40. 5 Wilkins, iv. 264. 



Grey A mess. 



121 



The surplice had once been in like ill-report, and 
discarded by Peter Martyr, ingenious rather than 
ingenuous, who said that when he was a Canon of 
Christ Church he never wore the surplice in the choir, 
because he should have confirmed that of which his 
conscience approved not of. 1 At Durham, a tra- 
veller says, in 1771, 'they showed us the old vest- 
ments of the clergy, which on Sundays and other 
holy days they put on still (1738); they are so rich 
with embroidery and embossed work of silver, that 
indeed it was a kind of load to stand under them. 
Here they have excellent music. 52 In 1634 they 
were ' of several works of crimson satin, embroidered 
with embossed work of silver, beset all over with 
cherubim curiously wrought to life ; a black cope, 
wrought with gold, with divers images in colours ; 
four other rich copes, and vestments : the richest of 
all they gave to the king in his progress/ 

According to a writer in the c Quarterly Review, 5 
xxxii. 273, the abandonment of copes is referred to 
Warburton, at Durham (prebendary till 1779), who 
found the stiff high collar ruffle his great full- 
bottomed wig, till one day he threw off the cope, 
saying he would never wear it again, and he never 
did ; and the other residentiaries soon afterwards left 
off their own also. In 1804 they are said to have 
been worn at the altar there on festivals and princi- 
pal days. 3 Bishop Cosin wore one of plain white 
satin only, without any embroidery. 4 Another con- 

1 Strype, Ann. I. L 257; comp. 537, and. Life of Parker, App. 
liy., lxiv. 

2 Defoe, iii. 155. 3 Gent. Mag. lxxiy. i. 232. 4 Works L lxxvii. 



122 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



sequence of wearing the wig was that the surplice, 
hitherto sewn up and put over the head, was made 
open in front and untidy. A cope at Norwich was 
given at the Restoration, 1 which is probably the date 
of those at Westminster Abbey ; for those of cloth of 
silver and tissue were sold May 81, 1643. 2 The 
cranes for hanging them remained in the old vestry 
in Dart's time, and cope forcers are in an aisle at 
York. In 1621 the quiremen wore copes at West- 
minster on special occasions. 3 Copes are still 
preserved at Salisbury, Carlisle, Ely, and West- 
minster. 4 At Canterbury, till Cranmer's time, every 
Bishop had to present a cope of profession at 
his consecration ; their use recently was revived by 
the Bishops of London, Ripon, and Lincoln, and the 
Dean of Eipon. In 1661, all the members of the 
Cathedral of Chester, habited in their albs, received 
benediction from the Bishop in the nave ; and, after 
singing Te Deum, conveyed him in procession to his 
throne. 5 The porter was, by statute, also the barber 
of the Close, but the custom began to die out in the 
time of Laud. 6 

The use of canonicals in going to and from service 
remains in force at Durham, Lichfield, Ely, Glou- 
cester, Carlisle, Wells, Canterbury, Chester, Wor- 
cester, and Westminster. At Chichester on ordinary 
days the gown is worn; and on Sundays with a 
cassock, the Dean, as at Peterborough, alone wearing 
his surplice, scarf, and hood. The verger precedes 



1 Blomefield's Norfolk, iv. 6. 

2 Stanley's Memor. 430. 

3 Kennet's Register, i. 537. 



4 Widmore, 155. 

5 Sacred Archseolog} 7 , s. v. 

6 Works, ii. 455. 



Canonicals worn in going to Cathedral. 123 

both the Dean and residentiary to church. The cap 
is still carried in Cathedrals at all times when the 
Canon or other member is in his choir habit. Square 
caps were ordered to be worn at Canterbury by 
Laud, 1 and the cope and hood by the Canons of 1603, 
the former being enjoined, for the principal minister, 
Gospeller, and Epistolar ; the latter are called in the 
Rochester Statutes, deacon and subdeacon. At 
Durham the master and scholars of the King's 
school come to Cathedral in surplices. There are 
always three vestries: one for the Dean and Chapter, 
etc., a second for Priest Vicars or Minor Canons, and 
the third for lay clerks and choristers. At Canter- 
bury the Library forms a vestry. In many Cathe- 
drals the Priest Yicars or Minor Canons, when robed, 
come into the first vestry before the procession is 
formed. 

TRACES OF BASILICAS USE AT CANTERBURY — POSITION 
OF THE CELEBRANT — THE PATRIARCHAL CHAIR BE- 
HIND THE ALTAR; AND AT NORWICH BISHOP'S 

THRONE AT CHESTER THE BASEMENT OF A SHRINE 

LEOFRIC 5 S ENTHRONISATION BY A KING AND 

QUEEN — THE PONTIFICAL CHAIR — SEATS OF THE 
CELEBRANT AND MINISTERS — THRONE — COLLATERAL 

SEATS FOR CHAPLAINS THE THRONE OCCUPIED 

BY LAY PERSONS A DESERTED CHOIR. 

An interesting relic of the old basilican form and 
use lingered at Canterbury in 1564 ; the holy table 
was set east and west at the time of celebration, and 

1 Works, v. 456. 



124 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

the priest who ministered, with the Epistolar and 
Gospeller, at that time wearing copes : but when 
there was no Communion, the minister, using a sur- 
plice only, stood on the east side of the table (stand- 
ing north and south) with his face towards the people. 1 
Bede records an altar of St. Gregory almost in the 
midst of the north - Portions,' which, Thorn adds, 
stood on the site of the Lady Chapel. 2 It is not im- 
probable, that the position of two Priests at the altar, 
' the one at the one end and the other at the other, 
representing the two Cherubim at the mercy-seat, 3 
may be a trace of the old arrangement of the 
6 ministers/ as in the Ambrosian rite, the celebrant 
standing in the midst. 

According to iEdmer, 6 at the western part/ of 
Canterbury 6 there was an altar consecrated to the 
Virgin : at this altar of our Lady, when the priest 
celebrated the Divine Mystery, he had his face to the 
east turned towards the people who stood below. 
Behind him to the west was the pontifical chair re- 
moved from the Lord's Table, being near the church 
wall' 4 At the close of the last century (1796), 
Gostling mentions the patriarchal chair as still 
standing between the altar and chapel of the Holy 
Trinity, and upon the same level with that, raised 
above the pavement of the altar by several steps 
(p. 240). In allusion to this position, Gervase says : 
6 above the low wall, in the presbytery in the circuit/ 

1 Strype's Parker, i. 365. 

2 Hist. Eccles. lib. ii. cap. iii.; Thorn, col. 176a. 

3 Andrewes, Minor Works, 150. 

4 Twysden, Decern Scriptores, 1292. 



The Patriarchal Chair, 



125 



behind and opposite to the altar, was the patriarchal 
seat, formed out of a single stone, on which, accord- 
ing to the custom of the Church on high festivals, 
the Archbishops were wont to sit during the solemni- 
ties of the mass until the consecration of the Sacra- 
ment ; they then descended to the altar of Christ by 
eight steps/ 1 At Norwich, the central arch in the 
apse had a stone chair for the Bishop, above the rest, 
ascended by steps at the back of the altar, and the 
large arch and the basement of the throne are still 
to be seen in the processional path : the Bishop being 
as much elevated when he occupied it as his brother 
of Durham was, seated on the tomb of Hatfield, in 
that glorious church. At Chester he sits upon the 
shrine of St. Werburgh. 

At Exeter Bishop Leofric was installed in his 
pontifical chair by the King and Queen. 2 At Peter- 
borough the Bishop's chair or sedes, used by him in 
his pontifical acts, was of stone, but in its proper 
position on the north side of the altar. Except at 
Ely and Durham and Carlisle, where he occupies the 
abbot's stall, the throne — that is, his cathedra of 
dignity, in his capacity as head of the Cathedral — 
is on the south side of the choir, between the 
stalls and the presbytery. At St. David's and 
Hereford there are collateral seats for his chap- 
lains. The south side was chosen as the more 
honourable side, doubtless as being on the right of 
the altar in facing the east, and occupied also by the 
celebrant, who, when he was removed from the east 

1 G-ervase, in Decern Script. 1294-6; and Scanner, App. 441. 

2 Monasticon, ii. 256. 



126 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



side of the altar, followed the course of the sun as in 
processions. It is a noticeable fact that Exeter, 
Durham, and St. David's, in the old Cathedrals 
before the Reformation, alone have structural seats 
in this position; therefore, the north side of the 
altar was given up to the Bishop's 6 see/ where he 
had ample room for changing his habit and atten- 
dance by his ministers ; it was on the south in 
Stigand's episcopate at Winchester. 1 The throne of 
Exeter was taken down and concealed in the Great 
Rebellion, and after the Restoration was replaced. 
The ancient chair of oak of the thirteenth century 
still remains at Hereford. Lay persons of royal rank 
were accommodated in the choir. Henry VII. occu- 
pied the Dean's seat at York. 2 

At Chichester, on Feb. 7, 1679, the Duke of Mon- 
mouth was welcomed by 'the great men of the 
Cathedral, with bells and bonfires. 5 Dr. Edes (the 
prsecentor) the next day conducted him to the 
church from the cloister into the choir. He was 
ushered into the Dean's seat with a voluntary upon 
the organ. Before sermon a part of the first Psalm 
was ordered to be sung. 3 On Sept. 10, 1682, the 
Duke of Monmouth, ' the Protestant duke,' was con- 
ducted to and from the Cathedral by the mayor an ~ 
corporation, and Dr. Fogg preached a politica 
sermon. 4 On Friday, June 2, 1690, William III. 
attended service at Chester, seated in the Bishop' 
throne ; 5 and previously at Exeter, where the Canon 

1 Aug. Sac. i. 294. 2 Leland, Coll. iv. 191. 

3 Sussex Arch. Coll. vii. 167. . 4 Cuitt's Chester, 319. 
5 Hemingway, ii. 244. 



A Deserted Choir. 127 



did not choose to appear in their stalls — but some 
of the choristers and prebendaries attended — William 
repaired in military state to the Cathedral. He 
mounted the Bishop's seat ; Burnet stood below : the 
singers, robed in white, sang the Te Deum. When 
the chant was over, Burnet read the Prince's de- 
claration ; but as soon as the first Avords were uttered, 
prebendaries and singers crowded in all haste out of 
the choir. 1 At Westminster, when the Dean read 
King James the Second's declaration, all the congre- 
gation left the church, except a few prebendaries, the 
choristers, and Westminster boys. 2 

gospel-desks : canterbury and st. david's — gos- 
peller and epistolar — st. ethelwood's piety — 
cathedral altars in the time of charles i. — 
consecration of altar plate — altar crosses- 
stone altars — credence altar candles 

cushions — altar palls altarwise queen 

Elizabeth's dislike of an illustrated service 

BOOK. 

At Canterbury, Gostling 3 mentions that before the 
altar steps were changed in their position, in the 
middle of the lowest stone there was a rounded pro- 
jection with a square hole in it : this, like a socket, 
still existing at St. David's, held the foot of the 
lectern for the Gospel. At St. Paul's the Gospeller 
and Epistolar stand and kneel at the south side of 
the altar, and the former crosses to the south side to 
read the Gospel. 

1 Macaulay, ii. 493. 2 Burnet's Own Times, ii. 111. 3 P. 256. 



128 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

St. Etlielwold of Winchester,^! a season of famine, 
broke up the sacred plate and gave the proceeds to 
the poor, saying it was better that metal should 
succour the want of the sorrowful than serve the pride 
of the priest. 1 Neal says that the altar vessels of 
Cathedrals underwent a solemn consecration ; on it 
were placed at Canterbury, on Bishop Andrewes' 
model, 6 two candlesticks with tapers, a basin for alms, 
cushion for the service book, a silver gilt canister 
for the wafers, lined with cambric lace, the ton on a 
cradle (for wine), a chalice covered with the aire 
(the Greek arjp) embroidered with coloured silk, two 
patens, the tricanale, a round ball with a screw cover, 
out of which issued three pipes (a cruet with water 
for the mixed chalice), and near it was the credentia, 
a side-table with a bason and ewer on napkins, and 
a towel to wash before the consecration, and three 
kneeling stools (for celebrant Gospeller andEpistolar). 
And on some altars were the incense pot, and a 
knife to cut the sacramental bread.' 2 Laud conse- 
crated the altar-piece at Canterbury, 3 and Bishop 
Towers at Peterborough, where, in 1634, a ' corporal 
of cambricke edged with bone lace, and a cloth for 
the Litany desk, 5 were in use. 54 Crosses were set up, 
at Winchester, 1636, and Lichfield, 1635, over the 
altar, 5 and were removed from St. Paul's in 1644. 6 

In the early part of the seventeenth century stone 
altars were erected at Durham and Worcester. 7 The 
Credence has been in use time out of memory at Man- 

1 W. Malm, 169. 2 Hist, of Puritans, ii. 223-4. 

3 Ibid. ii. 567. 4 MS. Notes in Catli. Libr. 

5 Canterbury's Doom, 80. 6 Walker's Suff. of the Clergy, 13. 
7 Canterbury's Doom, 13. 



Altar Candles —Cushions. 129 

cliester. Lighted candles on the altar were still in 
nse after the Restoration, as Hickeringill in 1682 
speaks of them, and cringing to the east to the altar. 1 
A large contemporary print of the coronation of 
William and Mary at Westminster in 1689, shows 
28 tapers burning on the altar, and eight upon the 
retable. An engraving in 1698 shows the altar of 
St. Paul's with two lighted candles, in accordance 
with a view in Gunton's ' Peterborough ? of the altar of 
that Cathedral previous to 1643. There is a tradition 
that the four standard candlesticks of the time of 
Charles I., now in the choir of Ghent, once belonged 
to St. Paul's. The altar candlesticks at Bristol were 
taken from the Spaniards in 1709. At Exeter, as at 
Salisbury, the altar had two candlesticks of brass, and 
a cushion with a service book on it : the pall was of 
red velvet ; and upon a second cushion were a bason 
and ewer and two chalices. At the back were Moses 
and Aaron and the sacred monogram. 2 Candlesticks 
still stand on the altars of Canterbury, Manchester. 
Oxford, Hereford, Durham, Wells, Westminster, 
Chichester, and York ; but the tapers are only 
lighted on dark afternoons. The cushions on the 
altar, which have lately disappeared, were the last 
relic of the 6 codde ? or pillow for the missal, and in 
old prints the alms bason is seen at the back of the 
altar resting on a cushion ; the last instance of it 
probably was at Gloucester. The Holy Table was 
set 6 altarwise 5 — * an idiom peculiar to us English ' 3 

1 Black Nonconformist. Works, ii. 87. 

2 Cosmo the Third's Travels in England, fo. 48. 

3 Lestrange's Alliance, 245. Flower-vases are used at Chichester, 

K 



1 30 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

— in all Cathedrals. 1 Strype relates the indignation 
of Queen Elizabeth, when the Dean of St. Paul's set 
before her a service book with German illustrations. 2 
At Salisbury the altar cloth was violet when Duke 
Cosmo visited the Cathedral. 

In 1634 Winchester possessed a hanging of velvet 
wrought with gold for the altar, and others of cloth 
of tissue and cloth of gold filled with pearl wire. A 
pall of cloth of gold in 1635 was laid on the altar of 
Durham at the time of celebration by the Bishop, 
who wore a red cope powdered with stars. 3 

At York a fine pastoral staff is preserved, which 
belonged to Smith, who was nominated Archbishop 
of York by James II. in 1687, and was wrested from 
his hands by the Earl of Danby, as he was going in 
solemn procession from the Roman Catholic Chapel, 
in the manor near St. Mary's Abbey, to the Minster, 
where his influence had prevailed on the authorities 
to open the great doors for his reception. 

A ROMAN 'ARCHBISHOP' AT YORK MOCK BISHOP OF 

CARLISLE — KEN'S PROTEST AT BATH — MASS SUNG 
IN DURHAM CATHEDRAL AND RIPON MINSTER. 

Prince Charles Edward, at Carlisle, installed James 
Cappock as Bishop of Carlisle in 1745 5 he was hanged 
soon after by the butcher Duke of Cumberland, who 
put all the Scottish prisoners into ward in the Cathe- 
dral, which they c made a most nasty Church.' A 

1 Cardw. D02. Ann. ii. 238. 2 Annals, i. 408. 

3 Brereton's Travels, 83. 



Ken 's Protest at Bath. 



ring used for their detention was till lately pointed 
out in the north choir aisle. 

At Bath, when Father Huddlestone set out the 
altar in the presence of James II. according to the 
Roman ritual, Ken mounted the pulpit in the nave, 
and inveighed against the act. In the rising of the 
North, 1569, from St. Andrew's Day to December 4, 
' they sang Mass, Matins, Evensong, and other service 
in the quire, and went in procession twice or thrice 
after the Crosse/ within the Cathedral of Durham, 
before a great throng of people. 1 Two altars were set 
up, and holy bread and water were distributed. On 
November 19 mass was celebrated in the Collegiate 
Church of Eipon, when Richard Norton displayed his 
memorable banner. 

the buck and doe offered at st. paul's — a lamb 
at york — a stag-, horses and chariot at 
durham — burning bonds — ulphus* horn before 
the altar of york — penance of a nobleman — 
king edward's litter — the standard of the 
nevilles- — exposure of henry vi. and richard ii. 
at st. paul's. 

As at St. Edmundsbury a white bull was offered, 
and at Westminster the fishermen of the Thames 
presented a salmon and were feasted afterwards, so 
on the day of the commemoration of St. Paul's, by a 
bequest of the knightly family of Le Baud, from the 
time of Edward 1., a fat buck in summer was carried 
by a servant attended by members of the family 

1 Depositions, &c. Surt. Soc. PubL 154, &c. 

IL 2 



132 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

through the midst of a procession to the high altar, 
where it was received by the Dean and Chapter, who 
gave twelve pence to the huntsman for an entertain- 
ment ; and on the Conversion of St. Paul a doe was 
offered by a servant. Until the time of Elizabeth 
the reception was made at the choir steps by the 
Canons, wearing garlands of flowers on their heads, 
and the horns of the buck were carried in procession 
on the top of the spear round the nave with a great 
noise of horn blowers 1 In 1557, the buck's head 
was carried on a pole, and ' forty horns blew before 
all the priests of London in copes. 52 At York on 
Lammas Day the tenants of the chapter lands brought 
up a lamb to the high altar, whilst the city waits 
played their liveliest strains. At Durham the Ne- 
villes annually offered a stag for the manor of E-aby 
on the feast of St. Cuthbert in September. In 12P0, 
Ralph de Neville, a young brawler who used to wind 
his horn as he entered the precincts, claimed an enter- 
tainment by the Prior for his retainers ; and the Prior 
in consequence refused to receive the stag when 
offered before the shrine. Ralph's men began to 
carry the stag to the kitchen, the monks opposed 
them, and words ended in blows ; the laymen at- 
tacked the monks serving at the altar, the monks 
replied by wielding the tapers which they carried ; 
the stag remained as their prize of victory, and Ralph 
and his followers departed without their usual dinner 
in the hall;, but disdained to carry away the venison. 3 
The usual day for offering was Holy Cross, so that 

1 Dugdale's St. Paul's, Ed. Ellis, 12. 2 Machyn, 141. 

3 III Script. Dunelm, 7-i. 



A Stag, Horses, and Chariot at Durham. 133 

when Robert Neville died they sung the stave, the 
oldest rhyme of the north, — 

1 Wei qna sal thir homes blau, 
Holy Eod thi day ? 
Now is lie dede and lies law 
Was wont to blaw thaim ay.' — Ibid. iii. 2. 

Bishop Hatfield's body was carried into the choir 
of Durham on a chariot drawn by five horses, which 
became the mortuary due to the Abbey. 1 The ' chare 5 
and five great horses of Bishop Skirl aw were similarly 
treated. 2 Four stately horses drew the hearse of 
Bishop Langley into the nave, and possibly, owing 
to these cumbrous solemnities, the wall of the Nine 
Altars was broken through to permit the admission 
of the body of Bishop Bek. 3 At the burial of Prince 
Arthur, Lord Garrard, as his man-at-arms, in 6 the 
prince's own harness, on a courser richly trapped with 
velvet embroidered with needlework, rode into the 
midst of the choir of Worcester, with a poleaxe in 
his hands, the point downwards, where the Abbot 
of Tewksbury, the Gospeller of that mass, received 
the offering of that horse.' 4 Edward the Con- 
fessor was solemnly offered as an infant at the altar 
of Ely. In England the offering of loaves and a 
little tun of wine by a Bishop at his consecration does 
not appear to have lasted for any long time. On 
March 17, 1190, the gentlemen of Yorkshire 5 rushed 
into the sacristy of the minster, where their bonds to 
the Jews were kept, and burned them in a mass in 



1 III Script. Dunelm. cli. 

3 Surtees' Durham, I. xxxv. 

4 Leland, Collect, v. 380. 



2 lb. ex. vii. 
See also Ornsby, 28, and Appendix. 
5 Hemingford, c. xliv. in Gale ii. 518. 



1 34 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

the midst of tlie church, a far different scene from 
that when ITlphus, who, filling his horn (still pre- 
served in the vestry) with wine, offered with it, on his 
knees before the high altar, to God and St. Peter all 
his lands and revenues. 1 Bishop Bateman compelled 
Lord Morley, who had killed his deer and ill-treated 
his keepers, to walk through the streets of Norwich 
with a lighted taper to the high altar. 2 On May 22, 
1471, attended by a number of armed men, the body 
of King Henry VI. was silently exposed in an open 
coffin, barefaced, for two days before the high altar 
of St. Paul's, ' where he bled ' ; 3 and that of Richard 
II., after his murder at Pontefract, was exposed for 
three days, but — 

. his mass was done, and dirige, 
In herse royally seemly to royalty, 

in the presence of Henry IV. 4 The grand obsequies 
of Henry V. were solemnised here. 5 Lord Neville 
offered at St. Cuthbert's shrine, c in the most solemn 
and humble manner, after the battle done, his 
own banner and the ancients of the King of Scots, 
and other noble men, jewels, and the holy rood crosse 
which had given name to the fair abbey of Edin- 
burgh, 6 ensigns and trophies of a great victory, and 
a great banner to the realm, and decent ornament to 
the Church. 5 

Edward I., in solemn procession, visited Carlisle, 
and offered up the litter in which he had journeyed 
for so many months, and as he left the Cathedral 

i Camden, III. ii. 2 Godwin, 349. 8 Grafton, ii. 45 ; Stow's Ann. 424. 
4 Ibid. 325. 3 Ibid. 363. G Davies, 5. 



King Edward 's Litter, 1 3 5 



called for his horse, and rejoiced to feel himself once 
more like a soldier in his saddle, 1 as he set out for his 
last march. 

For three or four days the naked bodies of the 
lords Warwick and Montacute, 6 that all men might 
see them/ lay in St. Paul's in Easter week, 1471. 

Here Courtenay the Bishop, and the Duke of Lan- 
caster furiously contended when Wicliffe the heretic 
was arraigned in 1377 ; 2 and on April 6, 1492, all the 
nobles of England and the companies of London met 
to hear Te Deum sung for joy 6 because the king of 
Spain had won the great and rich city and countrey 
of Granada from the Moores. 53 

PROCESSION AT RIPON APPLES DISTRIBUTED OX 

CHRISTMAS DAT GIFT TO THE BISHOPS OF WIN- 
CHESTER, ROCHESTER, AND CHICHESTER — DOLE AT 
CHICHESTER — THE CHORISTERS' CUP — MISTLETOE AT 
YORK OFFERINGS AT ST. DAVID'S AND WESTMIN- 
STER — DIVISION OF THE SEXES AT DURHAM AND 
HEREFORD. 

At Eipon, so late as in 1790, on the Sunday 
before Candlemas Day, the Collegiate Church was 
one continued blaze of light all the afternoon by 
an immense number of candles. On the day before 
Holy Thursday, all the clergy, attended by the 
singing-men and boys of the choir, perambulated 
the town in their canonicals, singing hymns, and the 
blue- coat charity boys followed, singing, with green 



1 Tait's Carlisle, 28. 

2 Fuller's Ch. Hist. b. iv. cent. xiv. 



Stow's Ann. 474. 



136 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

boughs in their hands. On Christmas Day the sing- 
ing boys came into the Church with large baskets 
full of red apples, with a sprig of rosemary stuck in 
each, which they presented to all the congregation, 
and generally had a return made them of 2d., 4d., 
or 6d. y according to the quality of the lady or 
gentleman. 1 From time immemorial the prior and 
convent of Winchester sent daily to the Bishop when 
resident eight loaves of wassail bread and four 
bottles of good wine, by the hands of the junior 
monk, who presented them humbly to the Bishop, 
saying, c SS. Pere et Paule vous envoient.' 2 At 
Rochester the Bishop received a xenium or pension 
011 St. Andrew's Day from the convent. The bishop 
of Chichester received bread and wine when he 
came to celebrate pontifically. A dole to the poor 
is still given away on Saturdays; and even in 1724, 
at the Bishop's visitation, a gold crown soleil was 
given, by Sherborne's bequest, to the Bishop, with 
a letter hoping he would receive it, not as a pay- 
ment for work, but a kindly sign of remembrance, 
which he trusted would be mutual ; and on his anni- 
versary, each of the eight choristers sipped with a 
spoon from a cup of the purest latten filled with 
milk, coloured with saffron, sugared, and thickened 
with eggs, saying, ' God rest the soul of Lord 
Robert, my benefactor.' 

Stukeley says, 6 Lately at York, on the eve of 
Christmas Day, they carried mistletoe to the high 
altar of the Cathedral, and proclaimed a public and 
universal liberty, pardon, and freedom to all sorts of 

3 Gent. Mag. lx. pt. ii. 719. 2 MSS. Winton Coll. 



Mistletoe at York, 



137 



inferior and even wicked people at the gates of the 
city, towards the four quarters of heaven/ 1 

Browne Willis says that the offerings of the de- 
tached chapels in the neighbourhood of St. David's 
6 were carried to the Cathedral, and divided on Satur- 
day among the Canons and Priests, and some yet living 
can remember since the offering-money was brought 
on Saturdays to the Chapter-house and there divided 
by dishfuls, the quantity not allowing them leisure 
to tell it. 2 At Westminster, the clergy make their 
offerings before the altar kneeling. The division of 
the sexes at Hereford, with the men on the north 
and women on the south side in choir, and at Holy 
Communion, according to the rubric of 1549 at Dur- 
ham, was long observed. 

INCEJSTSE AT ELY WAFER EEEAD — BENEDICTION" 

OF CHORISTERS. 

Warbttrton gave up the cope because it discomposed 
his wig, Dr. Green gave up incense because it spoiled 
his smell of snuff. ' Cole often heard Mr. Soane 
Jenyns, who lived at Ely when he was young, say, 
as also Messrs. Bentham and others say, that it was 
the constant practice on the greater festivals at Ely 
to burn incense at the altar in the Cathedral till Dr. 
Thomas Green, one of the prebendaries, and now 
Dean of Salisbury, 1779, a finical man who is always 
taking snuff up his nose, objected to it under pre- 
tence that it made his head to ache. 5 3 

Cosin mentions as in existence in 1637 the custom 

1 Med. Hist, of Caraus. ii. 164. 2 St. David's, 54-5. 

3 Add. MSS. 5873, fo. 82 b. 



138 Traditions and Cttstoms of Cathedrals. 

of c using wafers at the Sacrament, as at Westmin- 
ster and many other places/ 1 

Whenever the late Bishop of Exeter was celebrant, 
after the conclusion of the service the choristers were 
ranged in two lines on either side of the choir aisle 
in order to receive his benediction. 

THE FRAUD OF MONKS VE 1ST E EAT I ON" TO THE CONFES- 
SOR — THE CORONATION AND SEPULCHRES OF KINGS 

THE MINSTREL AT ST. RICHARD'S SHRINE THE 

SPOIL OF BECKET'S SHRINE THE LECTERN AND 

RELIQUARY OF SHRINES — PILGRIMS AT A SHRINH. 

On the morrow of Palm Sunday, 1314, King Edward, 
after visiting St. Alban's, went to Ely, where he 
decided in favour of the former church that it 
undoubtedly possessed the relics of the English pro- 
tomartyr, although the monks of the Een duly 
pointed out a shrine labelled with his name which was 
found to contain only the saint's caracalla; 2 for there 
is a well-known story how the monks of St. A lb an' s 
sent, in a time of peril, the relics of their patron 
saint to Ely, and the refusal of the latter monks to 
restore it, 3 when their black-cowled brethren proved 
that they had taken the precaution of sending only 
supposititious remains. 

P. Calixtus made two visits to St. David's, equiva- 
lent to a pilgrimage to Rome, 

The shrine of St. Edward the Confessor still stands 
at Westminster, but much of the beautiful mosaic 
work has been carried away by devotees. c A part 
of the stone basement seat on the east side of the 



1 Works, v. 518. 2 Walsingham, i. 138. 3 Leland, Itin. viii. 65. 



Veneration to the Confessor. 139 

south, wing of the transept has been worn into a deep 
hollow by the feet of the devout, who attend here 
early of a morning, and from this point can just 
obtain a view of the cover of the shrine. Previously 
to the French Revolution, the very dust and sweep- 
ings of the shrine and chapel were preserved and 
exported to Spain and Portugal in barrels. 1 

Francis Beaumont and Jeremy Taylor allude to 
this 6 acre sown with richest royalest seed/ a ceme- 
tery for princes, where their ashes and their glory 
shall sleep till time shall be no more ; where our kings 
have been crowned, their ancestors lay interred, and 
they must walk on their grandsires' head to take his 
crown. 2 

Here the bones of brith have cried, 
Though gods they were, as men they died. 

Dr. Clark says that pilgrims visited St. Richard's 
shrine after the Restoration. 3 

The lectern where the monks of Gloucester read 
the story of King Edward's death, to the pilgrims 
visiting his tomb, and the alms-box and reliquary 
of St. Richard of Chichester, are relics of the old 
custom of visiting shrines, doing penance, and enrich- 
ing the church treasury. When Edward I. visited 
Chichester, Lovel the minstrel was singing to his 
harp the praises of St. Richard. Sanders says that 
25 ox- wains were employed to transport the spoil of 
the shrine of Canterbury. 

Kings, like Canute, walked barefoot for miles to 
visit the shrine of St. Cuthbert. 4 With him, too, is 
connected the famous verse : — 



1 Neal's Westm. Abbey, i. 69. 
3 Segrave's Chichester, 13. 



2 Works, iii. 272. 

4 Camden's Brit. ii. 103. 



1 40 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 



Merrily sungen the muneclies binnen Ely 
That Cnut ching rew there by. 
Howe ye cnites noer the lant, 
And here we thes muneches sing. 

At the shrine of St. Cuthbert, persons proceeding 
in defence of the Holy Land were branded on the 
breast/ and pilgrims brought back specimens of 
foreign marbles to Prior Roger, who wished to pave 
the church with the costliest kind. 2 

OFFERING OF CROWNS BY KINGS ROYAL MARRIAGES 

AND CORONATIONS THE MAUNDY TOUCHING FOR 

THE EVIL ROYAL VISITS OF STATE. 

In 1140, as King Henry heard mass, and presented, 
according to the custom of a king, a serge to the 
Bishop, it broke and the light went out ; and the 
Eucharist, with the Body of Christ, the cord breaking, 
fell upon the altar. 3 In 1141, he sat crowned at 
Hereford. King Stephen braved an ancient pro- 
phecy at Lincoln, and wore his crown in the minster. 4 
Henry II. and Eleanor were crowned at Easter, 1159, 
at Worcester, and at the offertory laid aside their 
crowns, vowing that they would never wear them 
more. 5 In 1158, at Christmas, Henry wore his crown 
at Worcester, but in memory of King Canute's offer- 
ing of his crown upon the altar to be set upon the head 
of the crucifix of Winchester, he also laid his crown 
upon the altar and never wore it again. 6 Henry III. 

1 111. Script. III. cccxc. 2 Eegin. Dunelm. lxxv. 

3 Wendover, ii. 228. - 4 Hoveden, i. 209. 5 Ibid. i. 216. 

6 Wendover, ii. 287 ; Matt. Par. i. 309 : comp. Somner, 155, where 
lie claims the golden crown for Canterbury. 



Offering of Crozons by Kings. 141 

was crowned at Gloucester, Oct. 28, 1216, 1 with a 
plain gold ring, as no crown was forthcoming ; 
Henry IV., at Winchester, 1404 ; Richard III. with 
Queen Anne at York, Sept. 8, 1483 ; 2 and Philip and 
Mary, were married in the former Cathedral, where, 
as at York, the faldstool or chair used on the occa- 
sion is preserved. 

The craven John resigned his crown in St. Paul's 
in fee to Rome, and the papal instrument was pub- 
licly read before the Bishops and nobles of England 
in 1213. 3 In 1424, Henry YI. was led up by the 
Lord Protector and the Duke of Exeter to the choir 
steps, 6 from whence he was borne unto the high altar, 
and there kneeled in a travers . . . and he gode 
to the rode [cross] of the north door, and there made 
his offerynges.' 4 On June 28, 1481, King Edward IT. 
went crowned to St. Paul's, and an 6 angel came down 
and censed him. 5 5 

In 1507, the marriage of Prince Arthur and Katha- 
rine of Arragon was solemnized here by the Arch- 
bishop, 6 assisted 5 by 19 prelates. 6 On June 8, 1522, 
Charles Y. heard mass sung by Cardinal Wolsey; 7 
and on October 18, 1554, King Philip attended one 
sung wholly by Spaniards. 8 

On April 16, 1603, King James I. was received at 
the west door of York Minster by the Dean, preben- 
daries, and the whole quire of singing men, in their 
richest copes. 9 In his own quaint way he offered to 

1 Matt. Par. ii. 195. 2 Kennet, 527. 

3 Tho. Wikes. s.a. 4 Fabyan, 594. 

5 Stow's Ann. 416. 6 Ibid. 483. 

7 Ibid. 516. 8 Str/pe. Ecc. Mem. III. 201. 

9 Drake's York, 131. 



142 Traditions a7id Customs of Cathedrals. 

6 wrestle 5 the nave of Durham against all others in 
England. In 1639, King Charles I. kept Maundy in 
the Minster ; and in the south aisle the Bishop of Ely 
washed the feet of thirty-nine poor aged men in warm 
water, and dried them with a linen cloth : afterwards 
the Bishop of Winchester washed them over again 
in white wine, wiped, and kissed them. 1 On Good 
Friday, the King touched 200 persons for the King's 
Evil. King James II. touched 500 persons in Wor- 
cester Cathedral, August 24, 1687. The Maundy 
had always been ministered in the choir of York, as 
at Lichfield also. At St. Paul's, Henry IV. and 
Henry VI., on their accession ; Henry VII., after 
his victory over Lambert Simnel; Henry VIII., to 
receive a cap and sword sent by the Pope, May 21, 
1514; Elizabeth, November 24, 1588, after the de- 
feat of the Armada ; William III. ; Queen Anne, 
on five occasions of victory; George III. in 1797 ; 
and the Prince Regent offered public homage of 
thanksgiving for national blessings. George III. also 
came in 1789 to testify his gratitude on recovery 
from his grievous malady. 

The custom of receiving Kings at Canterbury was 
for the Primate, Dean, and Chapter to wait at the 
west end, and so to attend on him, and there to hear 
an oration. ' After that, Queen Elizabeth went under 
a canopy to the midst of the church, where certain 
prayers kneeling were said, the Psalm, Deus miserea- 
tur, and other collects, and after that the choir, Dean, 
and prebendaries standing on either side of the 
church, and then conducting him with a square song 

1 Drake's York, 137. 



Royal Visits of State. 



143 



through the quire under a canopy borne by knights 
up to the traverse near to the Communion-table.' 1 
On similar occasions, as at the thanksgiving of 
George III. and coronation of Victoria, the clergy 
and choir of St. Paul's wear white gloves and crimson 
shoulder sashes, and the Lord Chamberlain virtually 
takes possession of the Cathedral. 

THE VISION OF THE SAINTS' MASS- — ST. SWITHIN'S DAT 
— THE AMEN OF THE DEAD — HELISEND BRAVES ST. 
CUTHBERT— HOW QUEEN PHILIPPA SPENT THE NIGHT 
AT DURHAM — THE DEMON CANON AT HEREFORD — 
BISHOP BLOET'S GHOST— GOLDEN ROOD OF ELY- — 
BELL OF PETERBOROUGH — THE SENTINEL OF WIND- 
SOR — BELL OF ST. PAUL'S — HACKET ? S KNELL — BELL 

JESUS — GAMBLING AWAY OF JESUS BELFRY BONNIE 

CHRIST CHURCH BELLS. 

Legends usually connected with the acts of saints, 
or the world of spirits, hang about some Cathedrals. 
One of the earliest is narrated by Reginald of Dur- 
ham. ' A monk of Durham, keeping vigil in the 
minster, sat down in the stalls and thought; he 
raised his eyes, he beheld in the misty distance 
three forms descend, and with slow steps come from 
the east towards the choir steps ; each had a Bishop's 
habit, each was comely, venerable, and glorious to 
behold ; and, as they paused, they sang Alleluia with 
the verse, with the sweetest strain of melody ; then, 
towards the south, where the great crucifix stands, 
was heard a choir of many voices singing in their 

1 Parker, Corr. 442, 475, 



144 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

several parts the prose, and it seemed as though 
clerks in their ministries were serving a bishop-cele- 
brant, for there the clear shining of the tapers was 
brightest, and thence the rich delicious perfume of 
the fragrant incense breathed around. Then the 
three Bishops sang their part, and the choir made 
answer with chanting wondrous sweet, whilst one 
celebrated as beseems a Bishop, then all was done ; 
once more the solemn procession passed on its way, 
and disappeared like faint images behind the altar ; 
and they say that they who were at that service lie 
asleep, revered in that ancient Church, Aidan, Cuth- 
bert, Eadbert, and ZEdelwold. 5 1 The popular super- 
stition with regard to St. Swithin's Day is founded 
on a legend that after his canonisation the monks of 
Winchester wished to translate his body from the 
common churchyard into the choir ; but the solemn 
procession was delayed on July 15, and for forty 
days after, by violent rains, which were supposed to 
have been produced by the humble-minded saint.* 
St. Birstan, another Bishop of the see, out of his 
charity, used to sing a psalter at midnight in the 
same cemetery, for the repose of departed souls ; and 
once, when he had finished his orisons with the Re- 
quiescant in pace, from the graves came the voices of 
the dead, as of a great army numberless, making 
answer Amen. 3 

The entrance of women had been forbidden by the 
monks within the Church of Durham, out of de- 
ference to St. Cuthb^rt's rule ; . and a cross of blue 

1 Begin. Dunelm. c. xxxviii. 2 Foster, Peren. Calend. 314. 

3 W. Malm. 163. 



Helisend braves St. Cuthbert 145 



marble 011 the pavement of the nave still marks the 
line of demarcation. The Galilee, a kind of porch at 
first and afterwards a Lady Chapel, is said to have 
been built at the west end of the Cathedral, because 
St. Cuthbert caused great rifts to break the walls of 
a chapel which was begun to be erected in the usual 
position eastward. 1 Helisend, a pert woman of the 
chamber to Mahald, the queen of King David of 
Scotland, unlike her mistress, determined to brave 
the saint ; and, putting on a long black cope, entered 
the church, where she at length sat down, paralysed 
with terror. St. Cuthbert woke Bernard the sacris- 
tan, who searched the church with all speed, and 
having detected the intruder, poured out upon her 
a flood of most villanous abuse (we must hope in 
Latin), dragged her outside, and left her half-dead, 
and swooning. She at length recovered, and went 
as a penitent to Elvestowe, and was long in terror 
lest she should lose her wits, owing to the anger of 
the saint. 2 In 1333, in Easter week, Queen Philippa, 
says Eobert de Graystanes, arrived from Knares- 
borough, and, in ignorance of the custom at Durham, 
entered by the Abbey gate, and supped with the 
King in the Prior's chamber. When she had retired 
to bed, a monk informed the King that St. Cuthbert 
loved not women to be there. At once, at the King's 
bidding, the Queen rose, and, clad only in her tunic, 
went to the castle, beseeching the saint not to take 
vengeance for her unconscious deed. 3 

The clever embroidress outwitted the monks of 

1 Sanderson's Antiq. 45. 2 Begin. Dunelm. 15L 

3 Aug. Sac. i. 760. 
L 



1 46 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

Durham in male attire, but a more dangerous visitant 
scared the Canons of Hereford with the cope and 
altnuce of one of their order, although he received a 
sorer retribution than bare words, when c. 1290 'a 
marvel almost inconceivable took place in Hereford 
Cathedral. A demon in the choral habit of a canon 
sat in a stall after mattins had been sung, and a canon 
came up to him to inquire the reason of his sitting 
there, thinking that he was one of his brother 
canons : the demon was dumb, and said not a word. 
The canon was beyond measure terrified, thinking it 
was the foul fiend himself ; but he conjured it by the 
holy name and St. Thomas of Cantilupe not to stir 
from that place ; he at once brought assistance, and 
with the others beat it in German fashion and bound 
it ; and there bound and fettered it lay before the 
shrine of St. Thomas/ Possibly this weird apparition 
was that of Titivillus, who, a learned Italian canonist 
assures us, lurks in choirs with a little wallet, into 
which he collects all elided syllables and false notes 
made by the singers. 

At Lincoln, according to Bale, *the church keepers 
were sore annoyed with Bloet's soul and other 
walking spirits till the place was purged with 
prayers.' 

The legend of the Golden Rood of King Edgar, 
which was stolen and recovered by a wonderful inter- 
position, occurs in the History of Ely. 2 

At Peterborough there is a superstition that if the 
Cathedral bell and the clock of the parish church 
strike together there will be death in the minster- 

1 Bartliol. cle Cotton, 457-8. 2 A.S. ii. 645. 



Bell of Peterborough. 



H7 



yard. In the Cathedral there is a picture of Scarlet, 
the sexton, ' who buried the householders twice 
over/ 

The story of the sentinel of Windsor and the so- 
called bell of St. Paul's, but really ' Tom of West- 
minster/ afterwards given to that Cathedral, is told 
in my c Memorials of Westminster/ p. 198. The 
great bell of St. Paul's is tolled now at the death of 
the Sovereign, the Bishop, the Dean, or Lord Mayor. 

When the bells began to chime at Lichfield for the 
first time, Bishop Hacket, then very old, went out of 
his chamber to hear them. 6 It is my knell,' he said, 
and in a few hours passed to his rest. The stilia- 
tory at Canterbury is called Bell Jesus, from a legend 
that it was erected 6 in memory of a bell of that size 
cast abroad and lost at sea.' 1 Henry VIII. gambled 
away the famous Jesus belfry of St. Paul's at a 
throw of the dice to Sir M. Partridge. The Bonnie 
Christ Church bells of Oxford have been rendered the 
best known peal in England by Dean Aldrich's glee. 

THE HEAD OF BRONZE — AUTOMATIC BELLS — THE 
BISHOP'S AND DEAN'S EYE — THE FIVE SISTERS- - 
THE DEVIL LOOKING OVER LINCOLN — THE FALL OF 
WINCHESTER TOWER — > ST. WILFRID'S NEEDLE — 
GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS ON ST. DAVID'S AND ITS 
MARVELS. 

At Lincoln, in the vaults, according to Richard de 
Bardney, are the fragments of Grostete's familiar, the 

1 Gostling, 165. 
jj 2 



148 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

talking head of bronze ; 1 and the old belief was that 
at his death heavenly music was heard upon the air ? 
and the bells of distant churches tolled of their own 
accord, as they did on the day of Becket's death at 
Canterbury, and before the coronation of Coeur de 
Leon, or when little St. Hugh was buried. 

/ A the bells o' merrie Lincoln, 
Without men's hands were rung, 
And a the books o' merrie Lincoln, 
Were read without men's tongue.' 

At Lincoln the great rose windows of the transept 
were severally named the 6 Dean's ? and c Bishop's 
Eye/ as if symbolical of their respective jurisdiction. 
Pope speaks of ' wights 5 who fondly call their own — - 

Half that the Devil o y erlooks from Lincoln town, 2 

in allusion to a hideous gurgoyle, still pointed out/* 
on the south side of that 

. . . e Great monument 
Of love divine, thou Lincoln on thy sovereign hill. 

The Five Sisters of York are connected with a legend 
of five young orphans who agreed to fill the lancets 
with memorial glass in remembrance of a dead sister. 
The tower of Winchester is said to have fallen down 
because the wicked Red King was buried under it. 4 

The Whispering Gallery of Gloucester is sonorous 
owing to the thinness of the walls, and its position 
as an upper passage connecting the triforia ; it has 
these lines written upon it :— 



1 Ang. Sac. ii. 326. 2 Imit. of Hor. B. ii. S. ii. 246. 

3 Pointer's Oxon. Acad. 53. 4 Budborne, 271. 



Si. Wilfrid's Needle. 



149 



Doubt not but God who sits on high, 

Thy secret prayers can hear, 
When a dead wall thus cunningly 

Conveys soft whispers to the ear. 

At Ripon a rude orifice in the relic chamber of the 
crypt is pointed out as a test, according to Camden, 
as crucial as the water of the jealousy among the 
Jews ; probably it served as a place for- poor palsied 
* folk to creep through in the expectation of being 
healed. It is called St. Wilfrid's Needle ; but, like 
similar perforations in tombs at St. Didier and St. 
Menoux, was an imitation of the Basilican transenna. 
Giraldus Cambrensis tells pleasant stories of St. 
David's in its 6 vale of roses/ dark with the shadows 
of lofty hills, the tame jackdaws which loved the 
sight of a dark frock, the river Alan flowing wine, 
the spring of St. David bubbling over with fresh 
milk, and the famous Lochlavar, a talking stone, 
which burst asunder while a bier was carried over 
it, and the object of the angry 1 Welshwoman's ad- 
juration when Henry II. was about to cross it in 
despite of Merlin's prophecy. 

, VERGERS' TALES — HANGING MARRIAGES — THE BOLD 
LEAP AT DURHAM — THE FAST OP FORTY DATS — 
THE CHAINED HARTS— DEATH BY PRICK OF A NEEDLE 

— THE LION TOMB AT RIPON NOBLE EPITAPHS — ■ 

MISERRIMUS. 

In the cloisters of Norwich a boss- representing the 
Temptation was called the Espousals, owing to a 

1 Op. vi. 107-9. 



150 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

misreading of William of Worcester's description as 
4 where the marriages hung : 9 the Latin word being, 
in fact, rational enough, ' towels/ which were hnng 
above the lavatories. At Durham a figure which 
holds a glove is represented to be the effigy of a 
bold man who leaped from the great tower to the 
ground to win a purse of gold, forming — as a verger 
once said of some disputed statue, that it was — a 
6 crux aquarium/ Still vergers point out the cadaver, J 
the sad symbol of mortality, as the figure of one who 
essayed to imitate our Lord's fast of forty days and 
perished in the attempt ; and at Westminster a new 
vulgar error was long promulgated with regard to 
Elizabeth Russell, who appears pointing w r ith her 
finger to a skull, which Goldsmith and Addison say 
was said to refer to her death by pricking her finger 
with a needle, with the further addition as a judg- 
ment for working on Sunday. 6 1 wonder/ said Sir 
Eoger de Coverley, c that Sir Richard Baker has said 
nothing of her in his " Chronicle." ' Still the story 
may be told whilst these two noble epitaphs are for- 
gotten, one of Margaret Lucas, 6 of a noble family, 
for all the brothers were valiant and all the sisters 
virtuous/ and the other of Purcell, ' who left this 
life, and is gone to that blessed place where only his 
harmonies can be excelled.' The saddest epitaph 
ever written is that on the gravestone of Morris, the 
nonjuror, in the cloister of Worcester — a single 
word, 6 Miserrimus.' 

The chained harts, the badge of Richard II., 
sculptured on the capitals of the great pillars at 
Gloucester, gave origin to a legend that King 



The Chained Harts. 1 5 1 



Edward IL's funeral car was drawn by a team of 
those animals from Berkeley Castle. At Bipon a 
a high tomb of grey marble represents in low relief 
a man kneeling, a lion, and a forest : and tradition 
a century since described it as covering the grave of 
an Irish prince, who died at Bipon on his return from 
Holy Land, whence he had brought the king of beasts, 
rendered tame as a dog, and following at the heels 
of this second Androcles. Possibly it may, like an 
annual sermon preached at St. Catharine Cree Church, 
rather commemorate a deliverance from a lion. Over 
the Bichmond vault at Chichester the words Domits 
Ultima were inscribed, and Dr. Clarke wrote the 
following epigram : — 1 

Did he who thus inscribed the wall, 
Not read, or not believe St. Paul, 
Who says there is (where'er it stands) 
Another house — not built with hands ? 
Or may we gather from these words, 
That house is not a House of Lords ? 

KIRKWALL — THE STATE OF DUNBLANE LAUD'S RETORT 

CROMWELL AT FORTROSE DUNKELD AND THE 

TROUBLES OF ITS BISHOPS— ELGIN, THE LAST HIGH 
MASS THE LEAD OF ABERDEEN — JAMES I. AT EDIN- 
BURGH JENNY GEDDES — THE CROWN OF ST. GILES — 

THE LAMP OF ST. ELOI DR. JOHNSON'S OBSERVATION 

—GLASGOW AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS. 

These pages would be incomplete without a few anec- 
dotes connected with the Scotch and Irish Cathedrals. 
The church of St. Magnus, at Kirkwall, has gained 

1 Segrave's Chichester, 25. 



152 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

fresh renown from having been introduced into the 
' Pirate ' of Walter Scott. 

In 1233 the Cathedral of Dunblane lay roofless, 
and a rustic chaplain said mass thrice a week within 
it. 1 When Laud rode past Dunblane in 1633, he 
observed that this was 6 a goodly church/ 6 Yes, 
my lord/ said a bystander, 6 before the Eeformation it 
was a brave kirk. 5 ' What, fellow ! 5 cried the pri- 
mate, looking at the havoc, ' Deformation, not Refor- 
mation/ 

Cromwell destroyed Fortrose to build a fort at 
Inverness. At Dunkeld, Bishop Lauder, c. 1740, 
while celebrating High Mass on Whitsunday, was 
compelled to find shelter among the rafters of the 
choir roof from the arrows and swords of the clan 
Donnoquhy, led by an Athol chieftain. The Chapter 
was constantly exposed to the raids of the Highland 
lairds, who carried off their cattle and despoiled the 
treasury. 

Gawain Douglas came to take possession of the 
throne, and was received with a shower of shot from 
the Cathedral tower, and only obtained access to his 
church by the help of the retainers of that mighty 
clan summoned from Fife and Angus. At Elgin, 
within the choir and towers, still brilliant with mural 
colour, the adherents of the elder form of religion 
continued to worship in the middle of the sixteenth 
century ; in 1594 the last High Mass was sung within 
these walls as a thank-offering of the victory of the 
6 popish earls 5 of the north over the forces of the 
Protestant west. Upon its towers and magnificence, 

1 See Quarterly Eeview, clxix. art. iv« 



Elgin, the last High Mass. 153 

Florence Wilson, when meditating his 6 De Animi 
Tranquillitate,' loved to gaze from the banks of the 
Lossie. The Wolf of Badenoch, whom the Bishop 
had excommunicated, burned, in 1390, ' Lantern of 
the North/ The Privy Council, in February, 1568, 
ordered the Cathedrals of Elgin and Aberdeen to be 
unroofed, and the lead sold in Holland to pay the 
Eegent Murray's troops. The sacrilegious plunder, 
happily, sunk off Aberdeen. 

King James L, in 1596, was greeted as wicked 
Haman by the Presbyterian teachers at Edinburgh. 
When Laud and Andrewes attended him, he here, 
amid the sobs of the congregation, bade his Scottish 
subjects farewell, promising that he would visit them 
at least once in every three years. On July 23, 1637, 
the English Service was first read here by Dean 
Hannay, on Stoning Sunday or Casting of Stools- day,' 
when Jenny Geddes, a low disreputable kail-wife, 
immortalized by the Covenanters, hurled her stool at 
the clergyman's head; and Bishop Lindsay, cou- 
rageously ascending the pulpit, vainly attempted to 
preach in the face of the most brutal violence. The 
beautiful- crown of St. Giles was illuminated on 
festival eves with coloured lamps — tracery and arch, 
and every graceful outline standing out dyed with 
prismatic hues. The silver lamp of St. Eloi, rescued 
from the sack of Jerusalem, and its four supporting 
brazen columns, which stood within the canopy, were 
melted down into cannon. 'Let me see, 5 said Dr. 
Johnson to the door-keeper, ' what was once the 
inside of a church ! 5 

The Glasgow folks compared the building of ' the 



154 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

Pride of Lanarkshire ? to Penelope's web, saying 
that, like St. Mungo's work, it would never be 
finished. In this church Wishart, the warlike Bishop, 
absolved Robert Bruce after the murder of Comyn. 
^Beneath the shadow of the rood loft, unrestrained 
even in the presence of the Patriarch of Venice, the 
primates of Scotland struggled for precedence, amid 
the cries of their attendants, the rending of cope and 
surplice, and the crash of shivered croziers.' King 
James of Flodden had a stall in the choir and a seat 
in the chapter. When Edward I. gave oaks from 
Ettrick to build the spire, the ungrateful prelate who 
begged them converted the timber into mangonals 
and catapults against Kirkintilloch Castle. In the 
sacristy the robes of Bruce were fashioned for his 
coronation, and the banner of Scotland taken down, 
while men cried aloud it was more righteous to die 
for King Robert, than to fall as Crusaders in the 
Holy Land. In the Chapter-house and crypt assem- 
bled the early convocations of the University. The 
south wing of the transept is called the Dripping 
Aisle, from a continuous dripping of water off the 
roof caused by the porous nature of the stone and 
capillary attraction. In 1650 Cromwell was com- 
pelled to sit silent during a sermon of Zachary Boyd, 
so insulting, that, but for his significant frown, the 
rash preacher would have been a head shorter under 
the swords of the archrebeFs captains. Twice has 
the church been preserved from destruction; in 
August, 1560, when the judicious Lord Provost dis- 
suaded a mob from razing it to the ground by the 
happily- timed suggestion that it would be premature 



Glasgow and its Associations. 155 

before a new kirk had been provided ; and again, in 
1579, when^Andrew Melville, Principal of the Uni- 
versity, having prevailed on the magistrates for its 
demolition, disgusted at his intolerant bigotry, the 
incorporated trades assembled by beat of drum, and 
the craftsmen and their deacons repulsed the sacri- 
legious fanatics with such vigour as to terrify the 
magistrates, and induce them to forbear. In 1560 
Cardinal Beaton carried away to France all the 
splendid altar-plate, the rich contents of the treasury, 
the vestments and the records, and so preserved 
them from certain sacrilege. 1 



why lord kildare burned cashel — the defence 

of the rock walter scott william iii. at st. 

Patrick's — the flags of derrt — the fray — 
a mayor's penance— choral service in ireland 

a captured organ the gun of limerick 

the bells of cork and st. mary's, limerick. 

At Cashel, in the wars of the Butlers and Fitz- 
Geralds, the Earl of Kildare burned the Cathedral, 
1495, and excused himself to the King, on the plea 
that he should never have committed such a sacrilege, 
but he was told that of a certainty Archbishop 
Creagh was inside : the King answered the Bishop 
of Meath, who complained of his turbulence — c If all 
Ireland cannot govern this man, who so fit as he 
to govern her? 5 — and he constituted him viceroy, 
August 6, 1496. In 1647, Lord Inchiquin and the 



1 Mac Ure's Glasgow, 30. 



156 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

Parliamentarians summoned the citizens to pay him 
3,000?. to retire ; but they bravely took to the rock, 
and numbers, with twenty monks, were slain at the 
storming. The great 6 Magician of the North ' was 
on his way to London, when, astonished by the un- 
expected magnificence of the ruins, he forgot his 
intended journey, and was found at midnight wan- 
dering through the lonely aisles. 

At St. Patrick's, Dublin, William III. returned 
thanks for his victory, wearing the crown which 
James II. had abandoned in his flight. At Derry, 
the flags captured by Dr. Walker, and carried in 
procession by the ladies of the city after the great 
siege was raised, are hung in the CathedraJ. At St. 
Patrick's the banners of the Knights of St. Patrick 
are suspended in the choir. In the reign of Henry 
VIII., the lord deputy and the Earl of Ormond with 
their followers came to blows, and the marks of the 
arrows shot in the fray remained on the walls. Until 
the Reformation, the mayor, as an act of penance, 
walked barefoot to the Cathedral on Corpus Christi 
Day. The aisles once were desecrated into stables 
for Cromwell's, and, later, for James II.'s troopers. 
St. Canice's, Kilkenny, also suffered during its occu- 
pation by the Roundheads. Some vestments once 
worn at Waterford are now at Oscott. Armagh and 
St. Patrick have two choral services ; and Limerick 
one, in the afternoon, daily. The organ of St. Patrick's 
was captured by the Duke of Ormond at the siege 
of Vigo, in 1702. In the memorable siege, the 
tower of Limerick had a large gun placed on it, 
and plied so successfully, that although the gunner 



The Bells of Cork and Limerick. 157 

was killed, Ginkle did not care to fire any more 
upon the church. It was used as a barrack. Crom- 
well confiscated the bells of Cork, adding, with a 
gloomy humour, that 6 as a Priest invented gun- 
powder, bells should go for cannon/ At Limerick, 
the Cathedral bells were cast by an Italian for a 
monastery near his home which was destroyed. 
Tears after, a childless man (for his three sons fell 
together on the fatal field of Pavia), he came an 
exile to Ireland; on his reaching the Shannon, he 
left the ship which had brought him, and entered 
a boat. Evening was closing in, when from the 
distant tower of St. Mary rang out a soft chime : 
the oarsmen paused in their talk as they saw tears 
on the aged stranger's cheek, while with arms folded 
over his beating heart, he leaned forward to catch 
the faint music ; as he continued motionless, when 
they reached the landing-place they stepped forward 
to lead him out : it was the well-remembered sound of 
his own dear bells with their thousand agonising 
memories that had arrested his ear- — he was dead. 

It is a painful blot on the annals of our Cathedrals, 
that they, do not contain the names of Keble, Neale, 
or Isaac Williams ; and those patrons who desire to 
maintain the system, must now take good heed that 
there may be no eligible man who will have to say, 
with Norris of Be inert on, in his garden, when he was 
congratulated on his 6 prospect of Salisbury Cathe- 
dral/ 6 Alas ! it is my only one ! 9 

In the celebration of Divine service, Cathedrals, 
as Mother-churches, ought to be models ; they ' are 
the standard and rule to all parochial churches of 



158 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 

solemnity and decent manner, 1 by which, all the other 
chnrches depending thereon ought to be guided/ 2 
for they are 6 the chief and principal ornaments of 
this realm, and, next to the Universities, chief main- 
tainors of godliness, religion, and learning/ 3 

Changes in Cathedrals are said to be threatened 
once more : possibly it may be so ; but no mutation 
can destroy their associations ; trial may impend on 
those who love these holy foundations, but the reflec- 
tion may serve as an augury of good hope that they 
exist after witnessing many social, historical, and 
ecclesiastical revolutions ; and with God's help they 
will survive the machinations of all who would 
diminish their vitality or impair their condition, on 
any pretext, however specious. 

All that remains of old St. Paul's is in the engrav- 
ings of Hollar and the verse of Milton, educated 
under its shadow, recalling its stately and venerable 
glories when lie wrote of the /studious cloysters 
pale ' — 

The high embowed roof, 
With antick pillars massy proof, 
And storied windows richly dight, 
Casting a dim religious light. 

And recollected 'the pealing organ/ and 'the full 
voiced quire below ' — 

In service high and anthems clear. 4 



1 1670. Cardw. Doc. Ann. i. 331 ; comp. vii. Canon. 1640. 

2 1633. Cardw. Doc. Ann. i. 239. 

3 Whitgift, iii. 394. 4 Penseroso, 154-163. 



The End. 



159 



So true is it what old Fuller says : 6 When their 
substance is gone their very shadows will be accept- 
able to posterity/ 1 for — 

Nor zeal for God, nor love to man, 
Gives mortal monuments a date 
Beyond the power of time. 

1 Ch. Hist. i. 499. 



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INDEX. 



Acton's Modern Cookery 28 

ALCOCK's Residence in Japan 23 

Allen's Four Discourses of Chrysostom .. 22 

Allies on Formation of Christendom .... 21 

Alpine Guide (The) 23 

Althaus on Medical Electricity 14 

Arnold's Manual of English Literature . . 7 

Abnott's Elements of Physics 11 

Arundines Cami 26 

Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson .... 8 

Ayre's Treasury of Bible Knowledge 20 



Bacon's Essays, by Whately 

Life and Letters, by Spedding 

Works, edited by Spedding 

Bain's Logic, Deductive and Inductive . 
- Mental and Moral Science 



on the Senses and Intellect. 

Ball's Alpine Guide 

Bayldon's Rents and Tillages 

Beaten Tracks 

Becker's Charicles and Gallus 

Benfey'S Sanskrit Dictionary 

Bernard on British Neutrality 

Black's Treatise on Brewing 

Blackley's German-English Dictionary .. 

Blaine's Rural Sports 

Veterinary Art 

Booth's Saint-Simon 

Botjltbee on 39 Articles 

Bourne on Screw Propeller 

Bourne's Catechism of the Steam Engine . 

Handbook of Steam Engine .... 

. Improvements in the Steam 

Engine 

. Treatise on the Steam Engine . . 

-Examples of Modern Engines .. 



Bowdler's Family Shakspeare 

Boyd's Reminiscences 

Bramley-Moore's Six Sisters of the 

Valleys 

Brande's Dictionary of Science, Litera- 
ture, and Art 

Bray's (C.) Education of the Feelings .... 

Philosophy of Necessity 

on Force 

Browne's Exposition of the 39 Articles. .. . 

Brunel's Life of Brunel 

Buckle's History of Civilization 

Bull's Hints to Mothers 

Maternal Management of Children 

BUNSEN'S God in History 

- Prayers . 



Burke's Vicissitudes of Families., 
BURTON'S Christian Church 



Cabinet Lawyer 

Campbell's Norway 



Carnota's Memoirs of Pombal 

Cates's Biographical Dictionary 

Cats' and Farlie's Moral Emblems . . . 
Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths . 

Chesney's Indian Polity 

Waterloo Campaign.. 



and Reeve's Military Essays 



Chorale Book for England, 

Clough's Lives from Plutarch 

Colenso (Bishop) on Pentateuch 

Commonplace Philosopher 

Conington's Translation of the jEneid..., 
CoNTANSEAU'sFrench-EnglishDictionaries 

Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul 

Cotton's (Bishop) Life 

Cooper's Surgical Dictionary 

Copland's Dictionary of Practical Medicine 
Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit. . . . 

Cox's Aryan Mythology 

Manual of Mythology 

Tale of the Great Persian War 

Tales of Ancient Greece 

Cresy's Encyclopedia of Civil Engineering 

Critical Essays of a Country Parson 

Crookes on Beet-Root Sugar 

'S Chemical Analysis 

Culley's Handbook of Telegraphy 

Cusack's History of Ireland 



4 
5 

16 
9 
3 
2 
2 

16 



D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation 

in the time of Calvin 2 

Davidson's Introduction to New Testament 20 

Dead Shot (The), by Marksman 27 

De la Rive's Treatise on Electricity 12 

Denison's Vice-Regal Life 1 

De Tocqueville's Democracy in America 2 

Disraeli's Lothair 24 

Novels and Tales 24 



Dobell's Medical Reports 15 

Dobson on the Ox 27 

Dove on Storms n 

Doyle's Fairyland 16 

Dyer's City of Rome 2 

Eastlake's Hints on Household Taste .... 17 

History of Oil Painting 16 

Gothic Revival 17 

-Life of Gibson 16 



22 



Elements of Botany 13 

Ellicott on the Revision of the English 

New Testament 19 

Commentary on Ephesians .... 20 

Commentary on Galatians .... 20 

Pastoral Epist. 20 

Philippians, &c ,2Q 

Thessalonians 20 

Lectures on the Life of Christ. . 20 



30 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS astd CO. 



Essays and Contributions of A. K. H. B 8 

Ewald's History of Israel 20 



FAIRBAIRN on Iron Shipbuilding 18 

'S Applications of Iron 18 

Information for Engineers .. 18 

Mills and Mill work 18 

Faraday's Life and Letters 4 

FARRAR's Families of Speech 9 

.Chapters on Language 7 

Felkin on Hosiery and Lace Manufactures 18 

Fennell's Book of the Roach 27 

Feoulkes's Christendom's Divisions 21 

Fitzwygram on Horses and Stables 27 

Fowler's Collieries and Colliers 28 

Francis's Fishing Book 27 

Fresheield's Travels in the Caucasus. . . . 23 

FROUDE'S History of England 1 

Short Studies on Great Subjects 9 



Ganot's Elementary Physics 11 

Gilbert's Cadore, or Titian's Country .... 22 

Gilbert and Churchill's Dolomites .... 23 

Girdlestone's Bible Synonymes 19 

Gledstone's Life of Whitefield 5 

Goddard's Wonderful Stories 25 

Goldsmith's Poems, Illustrated 26 

Graham's View of Literature and Art .... 3 



Grant's Home Politics 

Ethics of Aristotle 

Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson. 
Gray's Anatomy 



GREENHOW on Bronchitis 15 

Griffith's Fundamentals 19 

Grove on Correlation of Physical Forces . . 12 

Gurney's Chapters of French History .... 2 

Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture .... 17 

Hampden's (Bishop) Memorials 4 

Hare on Election of Representatives 7 

Hartwig's Harmonies of Nature 13 

. Polar World 13 

Sea and its Living Wonders . . 13 

Subterranean World 13 

Tropical World 13 

Hatjghton's Manual of Geology 12 

Herschel's Outlines of Astronomy 10 

Hewitt on Diseases of Women 14 

Hodgson's Theory of Practice 10 

Time and Space 10 

Holmes's System of Surgery 14 

Surgical Diseases of Infancy .... 14 

Home (The) at Heatherbrae 24 

Horne's Introduction to the Scriptures .... 20 

. Compendium of ditto 20 

How we Spent the Summer 23 

Howitt's Australian Discovery 23 

Mad War Planet 26 

Northern Heights of London .... 23 

— Rural Life of England 24 

— Visits to Remarkable Places. ... 24 | 



Hubner's Memoir of Sixtus V 2 

Hughes's (W.) Manual of Geography .... 11 

Hume's Essays 10 

Treatise on Human Nature 10 

Ihne's Roman History 2 

Ingelow's Poems 26 

Story of Doom 26 

— Mopsa 26 

Jameson's Saints and Martyrs 17 

■ Legends of the Madonna 17 

Monastic Orders 17 

Jameson and Eastlake's Saviour 17 

John Jerningham's Journal 26 

Johnston's Geographical Dictionary 11 

Kalisch's Commentary on the Bible 7 

Hebrew Grammar 7 

Keith on Fulfilment of Prophecy 20 

Destiny of the World 20 

Kerl's Metallurgy is 

RoHRIG. 18 

Kirby and Spence's Entomology 13 

Latham's English Dictionary.. 

Lawlor's Pilgrimages in the Pyrenees .... 24 
Lecky's History of European Morals ...... 3 

Rationalism 3 

Leisure Hours in Town 9 

Lessons of Middle Age . 9 

Lewes' History of Philosophy 3 

Liddell and Scott's Two Lexicons 8 

Life of Man Symbolised 16 

Lindley and Moore's Treasury of Botany 13 

Longman's Edward the Third 2 

Lectures on the History of Eng- 
land 2 

Chess Openings 28 

Loudon's Agriculture 19 

Gardening 19 

Plants 13 

Lowndes's Engineer's Handbook 17 

Lubbock on Origin of Civilisation 12 

Lyra Eucharistica 22 

Germanica 16,21 

Messianica 22 

Mystica 22 

MACAULAY'S (Lord) Essays 3 

History of England .. 1 

Lays of Ancient Rome 25 

MiscellaneousWritings 9 

. Speeches . , 7 

Complete Works 1 

Macfarren's Lectures on Harmony 16 

MACLEOD'S Elements of Political Economy 7 
Dictionary of Political Eco- 
nomy 7 



Theory and Practice of Banking 27 

MCCULLOCH'S Dictionary of Commerce. ... 28 



NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS and CO. 



MAGUIRE'S Life of Father Mathew 5 

_____ Pope Pius IX 5 

Malet'S Overthrow of the Germanic Con- 
federation by Prussia 2 

Manning's England and Christendom 21 

Marcet on the Larynx 15 

Marshall's Canadian Dominion 11 

Physiology — 15 

MARSB_N'S Life of Havelock 5 

History of India 3 

MARTTNEAU's Christian Life 22 

Massingberd's History of the Reformation 4 

Maunder's Biographical Treasury 5 

Geographical Treasury 11 

Historical Treasury 4 

Scientific and Literary Trea- 
sury 13 

Treasury of Knowledge 28 

. Treasury of Natural History 13 

MAY'S Constitutional History of England . . 1 

Melville's Novels and Tales 24 & 25 

Mendelssohn's Letters 5 

Meriyale's Fall of the Roman Republic. . 3 

Romans under the Empire 3 

Merrifield and Ever's Navigation .... 11 

Miles on Horse's Foot and Horseshoeing . . 27 

_____ Horses' Teeth and Stables 27 

Mill (J.) on the Mind 9 

Mill (J. S.) on Liberty 6 

on Representative Government 6 

on Utilitarianism 6 

Mill's (J. SO Dissertations and Discussions 6 

Political Economy 6 

System of Logic 6 

Hamilton's Philosophy 6 

Inaugural Address 7 

Subjection of Women 6 

Miller's Elements of Chemistry 14 

Hymn- Writers 21 

Mitchell's Manual of Architecture 17 

Manual of Assaying 18 

M on sell's Beatitudes 22 

His Presence not his Memory 22 

. 4 Spiritual Songs' 22 

Moore's Irish Melodies 25 

Lalla Rookh 25 

Poetical Works 25 

Morell's Elements of Psychology 9 

Mental Philosophy 9 

Muller's (Max) Chips from a German 

Workshop 9 

Lectures on Language 7 

(K. O.) Literature of Ancient 

Greece 2 

MURCHISON on Liver Complaints 15 

Mtjre's Language and Literature of Greece 2 

Nash's Compendium of the Prayer Book. . 19 

New Testament, Illustrated Edition 16 

Newman's History of his Religious Opinions 5 

Nightingale's Notes on Hospitals 28 

Lying-in Insti- 
tutions 28 

Nilsson'S Scandinavia 12 



NORTHCOTT's Lathes and Turning 17 

Odlixg'S Animal Chemistry 14 

Course of Practical Chemistry.. 14 

Manual of Chemistry 14 

Lectures on Carbon 14 

Outlines of Chemistry 14 

O'Driscoll's Memoirs of Maclise 4 

O'Flanagan's Irish Chancellors 5 

Our Children's Story 25 

Owen's Lectures on the Invertebrata 12 

Comparative Anatomy and Physio- 
logy of Vertebrate Animals .... 12 

P acre's Guide to the Pyrenees 23 

Paget's Lectures on Surgical Pathology .. 15 

Pereira's Manual of Materia Medica .... 16 

Perkin's Italian and Tuscan Sculptors. .. . 17 

Perring's Churches and Creeds 19 

Pewtner's Comprehensive Specifier 28 

Pictures in Tyrol 23 

Piesse's Art of Perfumery 19 

Natural Magic 19 

Ponton's Beginning 12 

Pratt's Law of Building Societies 28 

Prendergast's Mastery of Languages .... 8 

Prescott's Scripture Difficulties 21 

Present-Day Thoughts 9 

Proctor on Plurality of Worlds 10 

Saturn and its System 10 

The Sun 10 

's Scientific Essays 12 

Public Schools Atlas (The) 11 

Rae's Westward by Rail ; . . . 23 

Recreations of a Country Parson 8 

Reichel's See of Rome 20 

Reilly's Map of Mont Blanc 23 

Reimann on Aniline Dyes 15 

Rivers' Rose Amateur's Guide 13 

Robbins's Cavalry Catechism 27 

Rogers's Correspondence of Greyson 9 

Eclipse of Faith 9 

Defence of ditto 9 

Roget's English Words and Phrases 7 

Ronald's Fly-Fisher's Entomology 27 

Rose's Ignatius Loyola 2 

Rothschild's Israelites 20 

Rowton's Debater 7 

Russell's Pau and the Pyrenees 22 

Sandars's Justinian's Institutes 5 

Savlle on the Truth of the Bible 19 

Schallen's Spectrum Analysis 11 

S cott's Lectures on the Fine Arts 16 

Albert Durer 16 

Seebohm's Oxford Reformers of 1498 2 

Sewell's After Life 24 

— Amy Herbert 24 

— — Cleve Hall 24 

Earl's Daughter 24 

Examination for Confirmation 21 



32 



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Journal of a Home Life 24 

Katharine Ashton 24 

Laneton Parsonage 24 

Margaret Percival 24 

Passing Thoughts on Religion . . 21 

Poems of Bygone Years 26 

Preparations for Communion .... 21 

Principles of Education 21 

Readings for Confirmation 21 

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Tales and Stories 21 

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Ursula 21 

Thoughts for the Holy Week .... 21 

Shipley's Four Cardinal Virtues 21 

Invocation of Saints 22 

Short's Church History 4 

Smart's Walker's Dictionary 8 

Smith's (V.) Bible and Popular Theology 19 

(J.) Paul's Voyage and Shipwreck 20 

(Sydney) Miscellaneous Works.. 9 

Wit and Wisdom 9 

Life and Letters 4 

Southey's Doctor 7 

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Stanley's History of British Birds 13 

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Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 5 

Playground of E urope 22 

Stirling's Secret of Hegel 9 

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Stonehenge on the Dog 27 

on the Greyhound 27 

Strickland's Queens of England 5 

Sunday Afternoons at the Parish Church of 

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TAYLOR'S History of India 3 

, (Jeremy) Works, edited by Eden 22 

Thirlwall's History of Greece 2 

Thompson s (Archbishop) Laws of Thought 6 

—(A. T.) Conspectus 16 

Todd (A.) on Parliamentary Government 1 
Todd and Bowman's Anatomy and Phy- 
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Trench's Ierne, a Tale 24 

Trench's Realities of Irish Life 3 

Trollope's Barchester Towers 24 

Warden 24 

Twiss'S Law of Nations 28 

Tyndall on Diamagnetism 11 

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Tyndall on Heat \\ 

Imagination in Science 12 

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Hours of Exercise in the Alps. . 22 

Lectures on Light 12 

Ueberweg's System of Logic 9 

Uncle Peter's Fairy Tale 24 

Ure's Arts, Manufactures, and Mines 17 

Van Der Hoeven's Handbook of Zoology 12 

Vereker's Sunny South 22 

Visit to my Discontented Cousin 25 

Warbtjrton's Hunting Songs 26 

Watson's Principles and Practice of Physic 14 

Watts'S Dictionary of Chemistry . .' 14 

Webb's Objects for Common Telescopes .. 11 
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Wellington's Life, by Gleig 5 

West on Children's Diseases 14 

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'S Lumleian Lectures 14 

Whately's English Synonymes 6 

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Whately on a Future State 21 

Truth of Christianity 2 

White's Latin-English Dictionaries 7 

Wilcock's Sea Fisherman 27 

Williams's Aristotle's Ethics 6 

Williams on Climate of South of France 15 

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Willich'S Popular Tables 28 

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WiNSLOW on Light 12 

Wood's Bible Animals 12 

Homes without Hands 13 

Insects at Home 13 

Strange Dwellings 13 

Woodward and Cates's Encyclopaedia. . 4 

Yardley's Poetical Works 26 

Yonge's English-Greek Lexicons 8 

— Two Editions of Horace 26 

History of England 1 

Youatt on the Dog 27 

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Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics. . 6 

Zigzagging amongst Dolomites 23 



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